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F
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Zmd Zmd Zmd
Zmd ZmdZmd
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|wac
|cb|cb
|wact
|war |t
|ca
|ch
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|wac |war
|t
|ca
|ch |cwo
|cwm
|ca |ca
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|chs
|ch
|ch |cwo |cwm
|cwb Zcm Zcp Zss
Ylg
Ylg
Yq
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Yp
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Yp
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Zcm Zss
Ymc
Yml
Ym Ym
Yml
Zfsc
Zfsm Zfcr Zcma
Zcm Zcp
|cw Jcm
Jmm
J^cc J^cc
J^cc
J^ccg
J^ccg ^cbb
Jdh
Jdg
J^tm
J^tmJ^tm
^cbb
Jdh Jdh
J^tm
^cbb
Jd
^cbb
^cmp
|Zmbs
^cmr
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Jdc
^cbb
Jdh
J^tm
^cbb^cbg ^cmp ^cmr
|Zmbs
|Zms |Zmg
|Zmg
|Zmg
|Zmg
Jd
Jd
|Zu
|Zms |Zms |Zu
|Zu
|Zmt
|Zms
|Zms
|Zms
|Zmg
|Zmg
|Zmm |Zmp
|Zmm
|Zmg
Ob
Ob
|Zmp |s |s Ogh
Ogp
|s
Ogg
Ogg
Ogh
Ogh
Ogh |s|s
|Zu Ok |lu |lu|l
GREAT VALLEY SECTION BLUE RIDGE-SOUTH MOUNTAIN ANTICLINORIUM
S H
E N
A N
D O
A H
R IV
E R
B L U
E R
ID G
E
S H
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T H
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A U
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la ck
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R id
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C A
T O
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IN M
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IN
CULPEPER BASIN POTOMAC TERRANE
B U
L L R
U N
M O
U N
TA IN
F A
U LT
U .S
. R
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T E
1 5
G o o se
C re
ek
W A
S H
IN G
T O
N A
N D
O L D
D O
M IN
IO N
R A
IL R
O A
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IO N
A L T
R A
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S TA
T E
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B ro
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S u ga
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C ab
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P O
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R
S TA
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9 0
P L U
M M
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S I S
L A
N D
F A
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IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
U T
E 2
7 0
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
U T
E 4
9 5
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
U T
E 4
9 5
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
U T
E 4
9 5
BLUE RIDGE PROVINCEVALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE PIEDMONT PROVINCE
4000
3000
2000
1000
SEA LEVEL
1000
2000
3000
4000
3000
2000
1000
SEA LEVEL
1000
2000
3000
4000
|cb
|cb O|c
O|c |e
|e
Zcm |cw
|ch |ca |t
|wa
|wa
|e |cb
Obss O|c
Obs
Obrr
Osnr Osnr Om
Oc Oc
Obps Obps
Om Oc
|t
|ca |ch
Obrr Obs
O|c
Obss
Obss
|cb |e
|wa
|t
|ca |ch |cw Zcm Yhm
O|c |cb |cb |wac
|wact |e |e |e
|war
|war |td
|tbh |t
|ca
|ca |cwo
|cwm
|tbh |tf|tb
|ch |cwb
Zcm
|td
|ca
|ch
|ch
Zcr |cwo
|cwm |cwb
Yhm
|chs
|clc
Zcm Yg Yg
Zsm Zss
Zmd Zmd ZrdZrd
Ybg
Ybg
|cwb |clp
Zcm |cwm
|ca
|ch
|cw
|clp
Zcm
^cmp^cmt
^cbl
O|gu |fl O|gl
|fa
|fa
|fr
|fr
|frs
|frs
|fr |fr
|ar
|ar
|u
|u
|sq
|Zsb
|Zip Jd
|Zip
|Zip
|Ziq|uq |uq
|uq
|uq
|Zsq |Zsb
|sq
|Zsb
|Zss
|Zsb
|Zsc
|Zsb
|Zsb
|Zsb
|Zsmp |Zsmp
|Zmbq
|Zmbq
|Zmbs |Zmbs |Zms
|Zu
|Zmg
|Zp
|s
|Zmp
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
U T
E 8
1
S TA
T E
R O
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E 9
U .S
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1 1
M A
S S
A N
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T E
N S
Y N
C L IN
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IU M
S U
G A
R L O
A F M
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IN A
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IC L IN
O R
IU M
O p eq
u o n C
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O p eq
u o n C
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R o ck
ym ar
sh R
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P O
T O
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A n ti
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C at
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B L U
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6 7
S O
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H M
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IN
BLUE RIDGE-SOUTH MOUNTAIN ANTICLINORIUMGREAT VALLEY SECTION CULPEPER BASIN FREDERICK VALLEY SYNCLINORIUM WESTMINSTER TERRANE POTOMAC TERRANE
C A
T O
C T
IN M
O U
N TA
IN
U .S
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T E
S 1
5 A
N D
3 4 0
F re
d er
ic k
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
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2 7 0
IN T
E R
S TA
T E
R O
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E
7 0
M o n o ca
cy R
iv er
B u sh
C re
ek
M A
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IC F
A U
LT M A
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IC F
A U
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K E
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Y S
V IL
L E
F A
U LT
B U
L L R
U N
M O
U N
TA IN
F A
U LT
M A
R T
IC F
A U
LT
H Y
A T
T S
T O
W N
T H
R U
S T
F A
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B A
R N
E S
V IL
L E
-M O
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IA T
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T F
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M o n ro
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S il ve
r S p ri
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P L E
A S
A N
T G
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F A
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R O
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C R
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K S
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A R
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IN T
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T E
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E 7
0
S TA
T E
R O
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E 9
7
P L U
M M
E R
S I
S L A
N D
F A
U LT
VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE BLUE RIDGE PROVINCE PIEDMONT PROVINCE
|Zsb
1000 meters = 3281 feet Surficial deposits are not shown
4000
3000
2000
1000
SEA LEVEL
1000
2000
3000
4000
1000 meters = 3281 feet Surficial deposits are not shown
B
4000
3000
2000
1000
SEA LEVEL
1000
2000
3000
4000
B'
A'A
NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
METERS
METERS METERS
4000 METERS
PLEA S A
N T G
RO VE FAU
LT
Qt Qcf Qcc Qr
Jdc
Ql
Kps
Dp
QTt
Qa
|t
|wa
|tf
|tbh
|tb
|war
|td
|wact
|e
|wac
|cb |f
|sq
|u
|um
|uq
|ar
|fr |frs
|cs
|sql
|squ
|sqm
|fa
O|gl
|fl
O|gu Obss
O|c
Obs
Obrr
Obps
Oc
Osnr
Om
Yc
Ya
YqYp
Ylg*
Ypg*
Yhm*
Ymc*
Yqp*
Ym*
Ygt*
Yg*
Yml*
Ypb*
Ybg*
Zrc*
|clp
|clc
|cwm |cwmq
|cwb
|cwo
|cw
Jd* Jdh*
Zmd Zrd*
Jdg*
201.2 ±1.3 Ma
201.2 ±1.3 Ma
571.5±5 Ma
200 Ma
Ogp
Ong Onu Ontr
OggOgh*
Ok* Oq
Dg* 362±3 Ma
Odl Odt
Ob
478±6 Ma
463±8 Ma
472±4 Ma
449±7 Ma
Odm*
1,149±19 Ma
1,111±2 Ma to 1,112±3 Ma
1,140 Ma
1,144±2 Ma
Ont*
|Zms |Zmg |Zmm |Zmp |Zmt
|lu |l
|Zo
|Zl |Zlm
|Zn
|s
J^tm
Jms Jmss
Jmtc Jmt
Jmh Jmhs
Jmmc Jmm
Jcm
Zcm Zcr*
Zcma Zcs Zcp
J^cc J^ccg
^cbl^cbg ^cbb
|ca
|t
|cp
Zss
Zsp ZsmZfcr
Zfsc Zfsm
^cmt ^cmp ^cmr
|ch |chs
|Zsm
|Zsb
|Zsf |Zsqp
|Zw
|Zicp
|Zim
|Zicm
|Zic
|Zp |Zsd |Zu |Zg
|Zpq
|Zpb
|Zmbb
|Zmbs |Zmbq
|Zmbg
|Ziq
|Zip
|Zib
|Zstp |Zss |Zsc
|Zshp |Zsl|Zil
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks
CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS (Units with an asterisk have been dated)
VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE
BLUE RIDGE PROVINCE PIEDMONT PROVINCE
GREAT VALLEY SECTION
CULPEPER AND GETTYSBURG BASINS
FREDERICK VALLEY SYNCLINORIUM
SUGARLOAF MOUNTAIN ANTICLINORIUM AND
BUSH CREEK BELT
WESTMINSTER TERRANE
POTOMAC TERRANE
UNCONSOLIDATED SURFICIAL MATERIALS
COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE
Intrusive rocks
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks
Intrusive rocks
Intrusive rocks
|Zsq
|Zsmp
Stratified rocks
Stratified rocks
Meriden Group
Chatham Group
Chilhowee Group
Fauquier Group
Newark Supergroup
Unconformity
Lower Cretaceous
Holocene
Tertiary
Upper Ordovician
Middle Cambrian
Lower Jurassic
TRIASSIC
QUATERNARY
Upper Triassic
Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian
Lower Cambrian and (or)
Neoproterozoic
Pleistocene
Upper Devonian
Middle Ordovician
Neoproterozoic
Lower Cambrian
Lower Ordovician
Upper Cambrian
Mesoproterozoic
DEVONIAN
JURASSIC
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PROTEROZOIC
CRETACEOUS
600 Ma
722±3 Ma
1,055±2 Ma
1,055±4 Ma
1,059±2 Ma
1,060±2 Ma
1,077±4 Ma
1,077±4 Ma
1,153±6 Ma
Beekmantown Group
??
??
32
44
77
47
60
75
40
L
Qa
Qt
Qr
Ql
QTt
Om
Oc
Osnr
Obps
Obrr
Obs
Obss
O|c
|cb
Qcf
Qcc
|e
Ypb
Zrc
Ybg
Yml
Yg
Ygt
Yqp
Ym
Ymc
Ypg
Yhm
Ylg
Jms
J^tm
Jmss
Jmt
Jmtc
|Zo
|Zl
|Zlm
|Zn
|Zsd
|Zu
|Zg
Kps
Jmh
Jmhs
Jmm
Jmmc
Jcm
J^cc
|cs
|ar
J^ccg
Ob
|s
|l
|lu
|u
|um
|uq
Dp
Dg
Oq
Ok
|Zw
Yc
Ya
Yp
Yq
|t
|cp
|ca
|ch
|chs
|t
|wac
|wact
|war
|wa
|td
|tb
|tf
|tbh
^cbg
^cbb
^cbl
O|gu
O|gl
|frs
|f
^cmp
^cmt
^cmr
|fl
|fa
|fr
|Zmp
|Zmt
|Zms
|Zmg
|Zmm
|sq
|squ
|sqm
|sql
|Zstp
|Zsb
|Zsf
|Zsm
|Zsqp
|Zsmp
|Zshp
|Zsl
|Zsq
|Zss
|Zsc
|Zip
|Zil
|Zib
|Ziq
|Zim
|Zic
|Zicm
|Zicp
|Zmbs
|Zmbg
|Zmbb
Ogh
Ogg
Ogp
|Zmbq
Ont
Ong
Onu
Odm
Odl
Odt
Ontr
|Zp
|Zpb
|Zpq
|cwo
|cwm
|clc
|clp
|cwmq
Zrd
Zmd
Zfcr
Zsm
Zsp
Zfsm
Zfsc
Zss
|cwb
|cw
Zcm
Zcs
Zcp
Zcr
Jd
Jdc
Jdh
Jdg
Zcma
LIST OF MAP UNITS
[Map units are shown generally from west to east. For descriptions, please see accompanying text pamphlet.]
UNCONSOLIDATED SURFICIAL MATERIALS
Alluvium (Holocene)
Terrace deposit, low level (Holocene and Pleistocene)
Colluvium (Holocene and Pleistocene)
Fine colluvium
Coarse colluvium
Residuum (Holocene and Pleistocene)
Lag gravel (Holocene and Pleistocene)
Terrace deposit, high level (Pleistocene and Tertiary)
VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE
Great Valley Section
Martinsburg Formation (Upper and Middle Ordovician)
Chambersburg Limestone (Middle Ordovician)
St. Paul Group (New Market and Row Park Limestones, undivided) (Middle Ordovician)
Beekmantown Group
Pinesburg Station Dolomite (Middle Ordovician)
Rockdale Run Formation (Middle and Lower Ordovician)
Stonehenge Limestone (upper part) (Lower Ordovician)
Stoufferstown Member
Conococheague Limestone (Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian)
Big Spring Station Member (Upper Cambrian)
Elbrook Limestone (Upper and Middle Cambrian)
Waynesboro Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Chewsville Member
Cavetown Member
Red Run Member
Undivided—Shown in cross section only
Tomstown Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Dargan Member
Benevola Member
Fort Duncan Member
Bolivar Heights Member
BLUE RIDGE PROVINCE
Tomstown Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Carbonaceous phyllite (Lower Cambrian)
Chilhowee Group
Antietam Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Harpers Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Metasandstone
Weverton Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Owens Creek Member
Maryland Heights Member
Quartzite
Buzzard Knob Member
Undivided
Loudoun Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Conglomerate
Phyllite
Catoctin Formation (Neoproterozoic)
Metabasalt
Metasedimentary phyllite
Tuffaceous phyllite
Metarhyolite
Marble
Metadiabase dike (Neoproterozoic)
Metarhyolite dike (Neoproterozoic)
Swift Run Formation (Neoproterozoic)
Marble
Phyllite
Metasandstone and schist
Fauquier Group
Carter Run Formation (Neoproterozoic)
Swains Mountain Formation (Neoproterozoic)
Metamudstone
Boulder conglomerate
Cobbler Mountain Alkali Feldspar Quartz Syenite of the Robertson River Igneous Suite (Neoproterozoic)
Megacrystic metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Biotite granite gneiss (Mesoproterozoic)
Pink leucocratic metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
White leucocratic metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Garnetiferous metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Quartz-plagioclase gneiss (Mesoproterozoic)
Marshall Metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Coarse-grained metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Porphyroblastic metagranite (Mesoproterozoic)
Hornblende monzonite gneiss (Mesoproterozoic)
Layered granitic gneiss (Mesoproterozoic)
Charnockitic granite (Mesoproterozoic)
Amphibolite (Mesoproterozoic)
Garnet-graphite paragneiss (Mesoproterozoic)
Quartzite and quartz-sericite tectonite (Mesoproterozoic)
PIEDMONT PROVINCE
Culpeper and Gettysburg Basins
Diabase dikes and sills (Early Jurassic)
Crystalline diabase
High-titanium quartz-normative early cumulates
High-titanium quartz-normative late cumulates
Granophyre
Thermally metamorphosed rocks (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic)
Meriden Group
Sander Basalt (Lower Jurassic)
Sandstone and siltstone
Turkey Run Formation (Lower Jurassic)
Conglomerate
Hickory Grove Basalt (Lower Jurassic)
Sandstone and siltstone
Midland Formation (Lower Jurassic)
Conglomerate
Chatham Group
Mount Zion Church Basalt (Lower Jurassic)
Catharpin Creek Formation (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic)
Goose Creek Member
Bull Run Formation (Upper Triassic)
Groveton Member
Balls Bluff Member
Leesburg Member
Manassas Sandstone (Upper Triassic)
Poolesville Member
Tuscarora Creek Member
Reston Member
Frederick Valley Synclinorium
Grove Formation (Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian)
Upper member
Lower member
Frederick Formation (Upper Cambrian)
Lime Kiln Member
Adamstown Member
Rocky Springs Station Member
Shale
Undivided
Cash Smith Formation (Upper and Middle Cambrian)
Araby Formation (Middle and Lower Cambrian)
Sugarloaf Mountain Anticlinorium and Bush Creek Belt
Urbana Formation (Lower Cambrian?)
Marble
Quartzite
Sugarloaf Mountain Quartzite (Lower Cambrian)
Upper member
Middle member
Lower member
Undivided--Shown in cross section only
Westminster Terrane
Wakefield Marble (Lower Cambrian? and Neoproterozoic?)
Sams Creek Formation (Lower Cambrian? and Neoproterozoic?)
Metabasalt
Felsic schist
Marble
Tuffaceous phyllite
Muscovitic phyllite
Hematitic phyllite
Metalimestone
Quartzite interbedded with phyllite
Quartzite
Metasiltstone
Calcareous metasandstone
Ijamsville Phyllite (Lower Cambrian? and Neoproterozoic?)
Phyllite
Metabasalt
Quartzite
Marble
Metalimestone
Phyllitic conglomerate
Conglomeratic metagraywacke
Chloritic phyllite
Marburg Formation (Lower Cambrian? and Neoproterozoic?)
Metasiltstone
Metagraywacke
Metabasalt
Quartzite
Prettyboy Schist (Lower Cambrian? and Neoproterozoic?)
Metabasalt
Quartzite
Potomac Terrane
Pegmatite (Late Devonian)
Guilford Granite (Late Devonian)
Quartz bodies (Ordovician)
Norbeck Intrusive Suite (Late Ordovician)
Biotite-hornblende tonalite
Quartz gabbro
Ultramafic rocks
Trondhjemite
Kensington Tonalite (Middle Ordovician)
Georgetown Intrusive Suite (Early Ordovician)
Biotite-hornblende tonalite
Quartz gabbro
Metapyroxenite
Dalecarlia Intrusive Suite (Early Ordovician)
Biotite monzogranite and granodiorite
Leucocratic muscovite-biotite monzogranite
Muscovitic trondhjemite
Bear Island Granodiorite (Ordovician?)
Sykesville Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Laurel Formation (Lower Cambrian)
Upper part
Oella Formation (Lower Cambrian and (or) Neoproterozoic)
Loch Raven Schist (Lower Cambrian and (or) Neoproterozoic)
Semipelitic schist and meta-arenite
Northwest Branch Formation (Lower Cambrian and Neoproterozoic)
Mather Gorge Formation (Lower Cambrian and (or) Neoproterozoic)
Quartz-rich schist
Metagraywacke
Migmatite
Phyllonite
Metatuff
Soldiers Delight Ultramafite (Lower Cambrian and (or) Neoproterozoic)
Mafic and ultramafic rocks (Lower Cambrian and Neoproterozoic)
Metagabbro and metapyroxenite (Lower Cambrian and Neoproterozoic)
COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE
Potomac Formation (Lower Cretaceous)
EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS Contact—Dotted where concealed
Lake bed—Dotted where concealed
FAULTS (Dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed)
Thrust fault—Sawteeth on upper plate
Normal fault—Ball and bar on downthrown side
Reactivated fault—Open ball and bar on downthrown side of early normal fault and sawteeth on upper plate of later thrust fault; shown in cross section as a double-headed arrow
Overturned thrust fault—Bar on upper plate; sawteeth show direction of dip
Strike-slip fault—Arrows show relative movement
Unclassified
Shear zone
PLANAR FEATURES (May be combined with linear features; where features are combined,
intersection of symbols marks point of intersection)
Strike and dip of bedding
Inclined
Overturned
Vertical
Horizontal
Strike and dip of Mesoproterozoic foliation including compositional layering
Inclined
Vertical
Strike and dip of first-generation (S1) Paleozoic cleavage and (or) schistosity
Inclined
Vertical
Strike and dip of second-generation (S2) Paleozoic cleavage and (or) schistosity
Inclined
Vertical
Strike and dip of mylonitic and phyllonitic foliation
Inclined
Vertical
LINEAR FEATURES (May be combined with planar features; where features are combined,
intersection of symbols marks point of intersection)
Bearing and plunge of axis of minor fold
OTHER FEATURES
Location of isotopically dated rock—Sample dated by U-Pb dating techniques
Quarry or mine, active and inactive—Abbreviations are as follows: Ag, silver; Au, gold; C, chromite; Cu, copper; D, diabase; F, hematite, limonite, manganese, and iron ore; L, limestone; M, marble; Pb, lead; S, building stone; Sl, slate; Zn, zinc
Radon in soil gas—Shown where greater than 200 pCi/L (Gunderson and others, 1988)
Small sinkhole—Less than or equal to 50 m2 in diameter
Large sinkhole
L
L
L
L L
LL
L L
L
L L
F L
L L
F
F
F F F
F
F
Zn
L
F
F F
F
F Sl
M
M
S
S
S
Au
M
L
L
L
F
M
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L L
F
FF
F
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP SIM 2889
Explanatory pamphlet accompanies map
1 10 KILOMETERS0 1 2 43 5 6 7 8 9
SCALE 1:100 000 1 8 MILES10 2 3 4 5 6 7
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METERS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929
Base from U.S. Geological Survey, 1984
1983 North American datum
25,000-foot grid ticks based on Georgia coordinate system, west zone
10,000-meter Universal Transverse Mercator grid ticks, zone 16
Geology mapped from 1989 to 1994
Digital compilation by James E. Reddy and Danielle Denenny
Geologic map editing by Elizabeth D. Koozmin
Digital cartography by D. Paul Mathieux
M A
G N
E T
IC N
O R
T H
APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 2007
T R
U E
N O
R T
H
10 / °1 2
VIRGINIA
MARYLAND
MAP LOCATION
W. VA.
GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE FREDERICK 30' X 60' QUADRANGLE, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA By
Scott Southworth,1 David K. Brezinski,2 Avery Ala Drake, Jr.,3 William C. Burton,1 Randall C. Orndorff,1 Albert J. Froelich,4 James E. Reddy,1 Danielle Denenny,1 and David L. Daniels3 1U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. 2Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, Md. 3U.S. Geological Survey, Retired. 4Deceased.
2007 Printed on recycled paper
This map is available for sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225
For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov; Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS
Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government
Answer these questions using the MD/VA/WV geologic map.
1. Is the region in the extreme northwest corner to the Potomac River strongly folded or strongly faulted?
2. Is the region from the southeast corner to Harrison Island along the Potomac strongly folded or strongly faulted?
3. In the eastern part of the map, along the Shenandoah River, the sediments are only Quaternary in age, yet they are surrounded by much older Cambrian sediments. How do you explain this?
4. In the southeastern corner of the map, locate Rockville and Gaithersburg. Notice that they are separated by the Plummer’s Island Fault. Is Rockville moving atop Gaithersburg or is Gaithersburg moving atop Rockville?
5. Find Martinsburg, WV, in the extreme northwest corner. Now locate Martinsburg, MD, which is just to the east of Harrison Island and Mason Island along a bend in the Potomac in the south central area of the map. Which is surrounded by the older rock?
6. Locate Long Marsh Run just south of the West Virginia/ Virginia border on the eastern side of the map.
(a)Which way is it flowing?
(b)How many different ages of rock would you encounter along its course?
7. In the middle image at the bottom, to the far right, you see that the younger Prettyboy Schist lies beneath the older Mather Gorge Formation. How can older rock be found atop younger rock?
8. Locate the oval, brown rocks near the center of the map. What geologic feature is this?

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