HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5150 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE

THE FLOATING SEAHORSE

HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5352 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE

HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5554 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE

The Heart of Europe is building 42 Floating Seahorses which will be located just offshore from St Petersburg Island and Main Europe Island. Investors purchasing a Floating Seahorse can benefit from rental returns through Mont Royal Hotel.

There are also opportunities for investors / operators purchasing any of The Heart of Europe’s hotels (i.e. Ibiza Hotel, Marbella Hotel, Monaco Hotel) to also introduce The Floating Seahorse into their hotel accommodation portfolio.

Prices & Payment Schedule

Each Floating Seahorse is currently for sale at AED 6.5 million.

The payment schedule is as follows: Initial Reservation Deposit 20% AED 1.3 million

Second 20% Payment (December 2015*) AED 1.3 million (*Subject to The Heart of Europe’s first Floating Seahorse being ready and in the water)

Third 20% Payment (June 2016*) AED 1.3 million (*Subject to Dry Docks Dubai structure completed and seen)

Final 40% Payment (December 2016) AED 2.6 million

(NB. Please note the above purchase price of AED 6.5 million does not include furniture).

Business Plan for The Floating Seahorse The Floating Seahorse is a totally unique product and there is not currently anything similar available in the world. In light of this, we have no exact product to compare it with, but as an example, we have identified The Poseidon Suites at The Atlantis Hotel as a guide in terms of business plan and projections for The Floating Seahorse.

Poseidon Suites, Atlantis The Palm, Dubai The average room rate per night for an underwater suite (which isn’t actually underwater but boasts a built in aquarium to give the impression that you are underwater) has average room rate of AED 30,000 per night (based on two adults sharing). The size of the suite is 165m2.

THE FLOATING SEAHORSE

As there will only be 42 Floating Seahorses in the world, supply is low and demand will be high. Our estimated figures below are conservative, but realistic, in comparison with average prices at the exclusive Poseidon Suites at The Atlantis:

Occupancy 80% Average Daily Rate for one Floating Seahorse AED 15,000* (*Each Floating Seahorse can accommodate up to six people. The total built size is 182m2)

Estimate Annual Rental Revenue AED 4.5 million* (*Based on 300 nights rented per year. The owner/investor is entitled to 14 nights per year free of charge for personal use if desired)

Total Operating Costs (60%) AED 2.7 million** (**Please note, this excludes maintenance fees which are AED 20 per square foot)

Estimated Total Profit (ROI per year) AED 1.8 million

This conservative calculation represents an annual tax free ROI of 27.69% based on the total initial investment which is highly attractive.

Capital Growth Projection Our estimations for capital growth is also conservative and is detailed below: 10% per year from pre-construction to The Floating Seahorse being fully-operational. Based on an initial sales price of AED 6.5 million, 10% per annum would generate AED 975.000 capital appreciation which means that within the first three years, the investor would get 100% return on his/her initial investment.

THE FLOATING SEAHORSE

HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5756 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE

THE FLOATING SEAHORSE

FLOOR PLANS & LAYOUTS

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TOUCH IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT THE FLOATING SEAHORSE OR ANY OTHER PROJECTS AT THE HEART OF EUROPE, PLEASE CONTACT US FOR MORE INFORMATION.

The Heart of Europe is a truly unique project unlike anything that’s has ever been seen before and now is the perfect opportunity to invest in your own little piece of paradise, be it for investment purposes or for personal use.

To book a complimentary, no obligation VIP tour of the awe-inspiring project, please contact us today to arrange an appointment.

KENSINGTON INTERNATIONAL GROUP Showroom / Offices :

Arenco Tower, 20th Floor, Dubai Media City, Dubai, UAE

+39 02 21 117 186 [email protected] www.groupkensington.com

64 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE

w w w . g r o u p k e n s i n g t o n . c o m

Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564 2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Technology and Engineering.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik), skarifmark@gmail. com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)

Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete ba expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564

DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi Madhavi c

a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England b Department of Civil Engineering, K.L University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 17 November 2020 Available online xxxx

Keywords: Sulphate resisting cement Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Scanning electric microscopy (SEM) Physical & chemical properties

This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement reacts with polypropylene foam on low density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical resisting cement and physical properties of the low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete. Considering that this research involved chemical processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration besides the mechanical tests and experi- mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general, Low Density Light Weight Concrete has 300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low handling costs, with many advantages includ- ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement. Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water- cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between water and cement. Inadequate water can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance coatings which in turn weaken in solidity. This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low-density Light Weight Concrete based on

the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of general aggregates. Procedures which focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the concrete are involved. In addition, the research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these works is done by examining the concrete with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific

committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.

1. Introduction

There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The light weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position for consideration in the future construction industry since low density light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to 800 Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure con- struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently, to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and availability of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a

way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre- gates with different types of materials. The research mainly focuses on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with sul- phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal- anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper bonding between the water and cement.

In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on strength properties. This study can be conducted on the polypropy- lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such as Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.

1.1. Objectives and scopes

� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the sulphate resisting cement.

Science,

sed on

Table 1 Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.

Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS: 12330–1988

Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02 Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max 2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max C3S 52.14 . . . C2S 19.60 . . .

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi

� To Examine the Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates properties.

� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres. � To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density light weight concrete.

� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.

� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.

� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded polypropylene foam aggregates.

� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light weight aggregates.

2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete

The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early 19th century in the United States. In the construction industry, there are several benefits associated with low density light weight concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the dead load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal conductivity, low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low-density light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a char- acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.

3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement

Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions where the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to sul- phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or uncovered especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement con- tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably low value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts in sul- phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of Ca2+

ions with SO4 present in the Solution can be exhibited in gypsum. The tri-calcium aluminate reacts with sulphate ions in concrete

to form gypsum

C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H ! C3A.3CS.H32 The ettringite is reduced by the sulphate concentration which in

turn disintegrates the structure to nano sulphates”.

2C3A + C3A.3CS3H32 ! 3C3A.3CS.H12 It is necessary to understand how the Sulphate resisting cement

compounds influence the slow-density light weight concrete. At the same time, the Expanded Polypropylene foam aggregates react with Sulphate resisting cement affecting the binding nature of the cement molecules.

2

Expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates are in solid state, so the reaction of bogus compounds in cement is unique. When the

bogus compounds penetrate the inter-molecular matrix structure, they result to a strength increase property of the low-density light weight concrete. This is significant in comprehending the ingrained nature of low-density light weight concrete and how it influences various parameters of the concrete, which are made with the expanded polypropylene foam.

4. Systematic Examination of materials

In the preparation of low-density light weight concrete, Sul- phate resisting cement, Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates, Super plasticizer and Air Entraining Agents were applied.

The suggested methodology for the improvement of this inves- tigation is categorized in three primary phases. In the three pri- mary phases, there are several sub-functional components of works that include;

Phase 1: Chemical and Physical characterization of materials. Sub-component 1.1. Chemical and physical Examination of Sul-

phate Resisting Cement through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Visual Examination Processes by different tests.

Sub-Component 1.2. Examination of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates as per DIN EN 71–1/2/3 Test processes.

Sub-Component 1.3. Examination of Recron 3 s fibres material by some physical and optical tests.

Phase 2: Design and preparation of concrete. Phase 3: Study the Mechanical, Micro-structural, Durability

tests and NDT tests of the concrete. Sub-component 3.1. Examination of Mechanical properties of

concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength. Sub-component 3.2. Examination of Micro structural Analysis,

X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).

Sub-Component 3.3. Examination of Durability test, pH value and water absorption tests.

4.1. The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement

The chemical structure of Sulphate Resisting Cement can be determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. By performing this test, it helps in sample chemical analysis by quantifying the emitted fluorescent X-ray from the morsel when it is generated from a fundamental source of X-ray. Moreover, every component has its unique nature when it reacts with other elements or pro- cesses. Likewise, the bogus compounds in sulphate resisting cement involved in XRF processes, shows the qualitative analysis of material composition. In order to find some other chemicals in cement, other tests are carried out [2] (Table 1).

Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 3 Expanded Polypropylene Foam Physical Properties.

Properties Test Method Units Test Results

Moulded density — Kg/ 90

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

4.2. Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement

The physical examination can be done by standard test proce- dures of codebooks. And the requirements can be considered as per the standard codebook of IS: 12330–1988 (Table 2).

Table 2 Physical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.

Properties Units Test Outcomes

Requirements of IS: 12330–1988

Standard Consistency Mm/% water content

6/29% . . .

Time Setting by Vicat Method a) Initial min 110 30 Min b) Final min 207 600 Min

Specific Cement Gravity . . . 3.15 3.0–3015 Cement Fineness M2/Kg 260 225 Min Soundness Test

a) Le-Chatliar Expansion

Mm Nil 10 Max

b) Auto-Clave Test % 0.02 0.80 Max Expansion of Sulphate % 0.0052 0.045 Max Compressive Strength 72 ± 1 h Mpa 31.2 10.0 Min 168 ± 2 h Mpa 42.6 16.0Min 672 ± 4 h Mpa 53.1 33.0 Min

m3

Thermal Conductivity at 10 �C DIN 52,612 W/ (m*K)

0.044

Compressive stress at 25% deformation DIN 53,421 kPa 650 Elongation at break DIN 53,571 % 11 Tensile Strength DIN 53,571 kPa 1150 Pressure deformation residual 22 h/RT/

24 h,25% deformation DIN53572/ ISO 185

% 9

Static load per Surface 5%/ 100d DIN 53,421 kPa 170 Specific Energy Absorption Iso 4651 kJ/m3 — Bump elasticity DIN 53,512 % — Squash Hardness DIN 53,577 kPa — C-Factor ISO 4651 1 — Surface Resistance: DIN/VDE

0303 a) Standard Types Respectively O � 1012 b) Standard Types Coated with

antistic agent DIN 60,093 O —

Dielectric Strength DIN VDE 0303

KV/ mm

—

23 �C /50% Relative Humidity Teil 21 Water Absorption at Saturation After 1 day DIN 53,428 Vol. % < 1 After 7 days Vol. % 1–2,5 Heat Resistance 9Test Period 3 Weeks) — oC �40 to

110

4.3. Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam

Expanded Polypropylene Foam components are made of expanded polypropylene particles with an almost closed cell struc- ture. These particles, delivered as bulk goods, are produced into different foam components with machines for processing particle foams. The range of standard type moulded density is from 20 to 120 kg/m3 [3]. Production and processing of the foam particles are without any emission of CFC. The standard results can be con- sidered by (DIN EN 56–1/2/3) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Expanded Polypropylene Foam.

4.3.1. Properties of expanded polypropylene foam Expanded Polypropylene Foam has multi-functional properties,

some of which are explained below:

� High Energy Absorption on Low weight. � Good resilience after static and dynamic stress. � Almost unaffected energy absorption after multi-impacts. � Isotropic deformation behaviours irrespective of impact’s direction.

� Low absorption of water. � Functional reliability over a wide temperature range (Table 3).

3

4.3.2. Chemical resistance To know the chemical resistance of the Expanded Polypropy-

lene Foam at Active Medium of EPP 50 g/l 14 days/ 22 �C as shown in the graph below

.

4.3.3. Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates In the preparation of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggre-

gates, dimensions of ‘‘Review Paper on Network Analysis and Syn- thesis of Deriving Point

Functions” 20*20*20 mm are considered. In making the aggre- gates, take the foam sheets and cut them on a mechanical machine with a marking of dimensions with a density of 18 kg/m3 (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Dimensions of the Aggregates.

Table 5 Properties of Fine Aggregates.

Properties Units Results

Sieve Analysis Nature Zone-II Bulk Density Kg/m3 1600 Specific Gravity — 2.6 Moisture Content % 4.2 Silt Content % 2 Fine Modulus Nature Course Sand

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

4.4. Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre

Fibres of Recron 3S are engineered Micro Fibres contains a unique Triangular transaction, employed in Concrete Peripheral Augmentation. It supplements systemic steel in strengthening shrinkage resistance of the concrete, fissure and improvement of mechanical aspects like Split/Flexural Transverse and Tensile con- crete Strength alongside the wanted enhancement in impact and abrasion strength. The manufactured of Recron 3 s fibres happens in an ISO 9001:2000amenity for concrete use as a ‘‘secondary aug- mentation” at a dosage rate ranging from 0.1% � 0.4% and volume (0.9 kgs/ Cu.m to 3.60 kgs /Cu.M) [4,7]. Fibres conform to ASTM C 1116, type 111 Fibre Buttressed Concrete (Fig. 3) (Table 4).

Fig. 3. Recron 3S Fibre.

Table 4 The Recron 3S Properties.

Properties Units Adopting Materials Standards

Shape — Triangular — Cut Length Mm 12 3/ 4.8/ 6 /12/ 24 Effective Diameter Microns 22 20–40 Specific Gravity — 1.36 1.34–1.39 Melting Point Deg C 255 250–265 Tensile Strength Gpd 5 4–6 Elongation % 28 20–60 Young’s Modulus Mpa 4000 >5000 Alkaline Stability — Very Good 32 standards Acid Resistance Nature Excellent Standards

Fig. 4. Floating Phenomenon.

4.5. Properties of Fine aggregates

Natural sand with a specific size of sieves of retained sample is considered, with sieve sizes of 150m �600m. The properties of fine aggregates are illustrated in Table 5 below.

4

4.6. Chemicals

For the preparation of concrete, two types of chemicals are considered.

Chemical 1: Super plasticizer; used for water content reduction in concrete. The Super Plasticizer‘s has a 1.04 particular gravity is.

Chemical 2: Air Entraining Agent (AEA); it is a surface-active chemical which helps create small air bubbles on concrete and mix uniformly. The advantage of this agent is that, it increases the resistance of freezing and thawing, which results in increase in cohesion and less bleeding in concrete mix. In our case, the specific gravity of the A.E.A is 1.05.

5. Methodology

The research work was divided to two phases which are as follows.

First Phase: In this phase, the design mix was prepared with expanded polypropylene aggregates of 18 kg/m3density and 100% replacement of course aggregates. For getting high strength pur- pose, the material ratio of cement and water– (a/mc) of 0.32 was considered.

Second Phase: In this Phase, the design mix was prepared in the same way as First Phase but with addition of 1.1% / bag of cement.

5.1. Test sample preparation

The mix of concrete was prepared as per the design mix of first and second phases. For free test of compaction strength, the sam- ple tests of 15 cm � 15 cm � 15 cm, as established by IS:456:2000 was considered. The prepared cubes were exposed to a process of damp curing in liquid saturated water, at a 27 ± 2 �C room temper- ature for a period of 7 to 28 days in compaction strength. The pores volume and absorption of water tests were then conducted on the samples. At the same time, the preparation of the tensile strength test sample of 30 cm high and 15 cm of radius of test specimen is consider as per the IS:456–2000 (Fig. 4).

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

6. Experimentation

6.1. Mix Design

Explanation of Mix Design of two research works (Tables 6 and 7).

Table 7 Design Mix of low solidity concrete of light weight with addition of Recron 3S Fibre.

S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt) Recron 3S Fibre (kg)

358 300 12 125 2.5 3 3.93

Table 6 Design Mix of low-density light weight concrete.

S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt)

358 300 12 125 2.5 3

Table 9 Tensile Strength Test Results.

Sample Tensile strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)

Tensile strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

0.651 0.772

7. Results and discussions

In this part, explanation given to Mechanical, Durability, Micro- logical, and NDT tests were conducted. These tests were subdi- vided into different test forms.

Mechanical Tests: In this part, Split Tensile and compressive strength tests were conducted.

Durability Tests: Absorption of water, pH value and water pen- etration tests were performed in this segment.

Micrological Tests: In this area, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) were done.

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

0.786 0.95

7.1. Mechanical tests

7.1.1. Compressive strength test The test of Compaction strength was carried out after 7 and

28 days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions then testing was conducted. The test results were as presented on Table 8, for both types of research works [1].

Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Results.

Sample Mechanical strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)

Mechanical strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

7.62 8.72

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

8.54 10.31

Table 10 Water Absorption Test Results.

Sample Water Absorption in

The strength of compression of low-density lightweight con- crete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and with- out the inclusion of Recron 3S Fibre, gave best results with an average compressive strength of 7.62 Mpa after 7 days and 8.72 Mpa after 28 days without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 8.54 Mpa for 7 days and 10.31 Mpa after 28 days after adding Recron 3S fibre sample.

Percentage

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

5.2

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

4.5

7.1.2. Tensile strength test

The test of tensile strength was carried out after 7th and 28th days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions,

5

and then testing was conducted. The test results were presented on Table 9, for both research works [5].

The Tensile strength test was conducted on UTM of 60 tones capacity and a load intensity of 1KN/sec was applied to the speci- men but still ended up failing. The Tensile strength of low-density lightweight concrete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and without the adding Recron 3S Fibre, produced the best results with an average strength of compressive of 0.651 Mpa after 7th day and 0.772 Mpa after 28th day without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 0.786 Mpa for 7 days and 0.95 Mpa after 28th day shaving added Recron 3S fibre sample.

In both tensile and compressive strength, a characteristic of expanded polypropylene froth aggregates giving higher strength in the concrete of low density light weight was revealed.

7.2. Durability tests

7.2.1. Water absorption test This is a durability test employed to determine the amount of

water (percentage) that was absorbed in concrete using IS: 1124 (1974). In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, [10] the outcomes of the test are as presented [6] in Table 10 below:

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The water absorption test improved over time as the concrete was standard and crystals continued to grow.

7.2.2. PH value of concrete In general, concrete was prepared with different compositions

like, aggregates, cement and water in order to get strength and durability. Moreover, pH value of water also changed when pro- cessing was taking place. During the hydration of concrete, there was introduction of some concentration levels of either acids or bases present in the moisture of concrete (Table 11).

Fig. 6. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam.

Table 11 PH of Concrete Test Results.

Sample PH Value of Concrete

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

12.6

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

12.4

Normally, the pH of concrete lies between 12 and 13. The results of this research work were efficient and reliable.

7.2.3. Water penetration test This was conducted to check the durability property of concrete

as per the German standard DIN 1048 (Part 5) This result clearly showed that the concrete of low density light

weight has high strength, since the depth of penetration was too low and the durability of concrete was high [3,7] (Table 12).

Table 12 Water penetrations of Concrete Test Results.

Sample Maximum depth of Concrete (mm)

Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates

8

Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

9.2

7.3. Micrological tests

7.3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) The characteristics of low density light weight concrete can be

observed by the performance of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The per- formance of XRD analysis can be modified on XRD PAN analytical X-Part Pro MPD with a source of copper (Cu) with a frequency of CuKa=1:541862 A in 2h interval between 6� �60� with a 0.0200o scan step and the 30sec accrual time period. The goniometric with Mini Flex of 300/600, with a dirtier of SC-70, and the scan speed of 1000 deg/min, with a scan range of 3.000–90.000� [8] (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. XRD Process.

6

The diffract grams identification was carried out with the X-Part High Score data plus Software. With the low density light weight concrete of expanded polypropylene aggregates, it can be observed that, the maximum point reached in Fig. 6, was in between 20 deg and 30 deg.

The major component observed this analysis was Quartz 40%, and the minor component is lint site with 11% of occupancy. And the remaining chemical is calcite of 34% and the 15% of andradite.

Fig. 7. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with Recron 3Sandex- panded polypropylene Foam.

In Fig. 7 the maximum point can be seen in between 20�and 30�which explain the low density light weight concrete with Expanded Polypropylene Foam and Recron 3S fibre. The major component observed in this analysis was calcite 28%, and the minor component being Norsethite with 7% of occupancy. The remaining chemical is Mullite of 27% and the 22% of Quartz and 16% of Hanksite Fig. 8.

A

B

Fig. 8. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The composition of material was significant in getting the high strength. The results show how the low density light weight con- crete acquired that much strength.

C

Fig. 9. The low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam SEM Report.

7.3.2. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) SEM is a versatile power tool for material characterization. SEM

has become more useful and necessary due to the continuous decrease of the materials dimensions for copious application. SEM uses electron for imaging, just like light microscopes [6,9].

When doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size. The model of trans- mission line using Z-View Software

Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Quartz (Fig. 9A) and Quartz and Calsite composites (Fig. 9B). The pure Quartz shows pure mor- phology. The size of pores represented in (Fig. 9 A, B, and C) range depending on distribution of uniform nature of concrete. The micro cracks were observed at 5 mm section with 1000 magnification range. The figures have less pores and this reduces water penetra- tion. Since the bonding between the molecules is high, it increases the compressive strength as well.

Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Calcite (Fig. 10a) and the Mullite and Quartz (Fig. 10b). The immaculate Calcite illustrates a permeable morphology; its post-treatment efficiently filled the pores within the Recron 3S strands surface (Fig. 10b) thereby mak- ing calcite within the composite. Even though the impacts are not clear for moo calcite concentration (0.1 M) treatment, especially at the surface of Recron 3S strands, the higher concentrations effi- ciently created nanoparticles (Measure 5–100 nm) which were not as it was shaped (a lean Calisite over layer) on the surface but moreover filled the holes between adjoining MPNFs coming about and made strides filaments interconnectivity constituting the MPNF s. Additionally, the SEM high concentration images (0.5 M) appeared within the supporting data (Fig. 10c), which illus- trates the arrangement of extraordinary calcite on the electrode of MPNFs. The moved forward visible photo-anode film correlation upon Clacite post-processing is their cross-sectional apparent shape [2,10].

Even though the photo-anode’s fabric absorbency supports entrance of electrolyte and upgraded colour take-up, it increases strands-boundary thickness and decreases particle–particle inter- connectivity subsequently coming about in increased voltage transport opposition. Quartz was used as a channel of filling the voids in immaculate MPNFs (Fig. 10a) anticipated extending the photo anode’s film transport properties. The photo-anode’s cross- sectional view films illustrate the nearness of numerous pores in unadulterated Calcite MPNFs (Fig. 10b). The MPNFs held their holes morphology after glue making handle, which applies a mechanical tumult on the nanostructure.

7

8. Conclusion

The following inferences can be deduced basing on the current research work outcomes.

1. The expanded polypropylene foam has a high compressive strength when compared to other foam materials. So when mixed with bogus material, it increases the bond strength.

a

b

c

Fig. 10. SEM Report of the low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam and Recron3S.

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

2. The concrete compressive strength with 100 replacement of natural aggregate by Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggre- gates is 8.72 Mpa in a period of 28 days. And it gets more strength than the low density light weight concrete standards.

3. The compressive strength of expanded polypropylene aggre- gates with Recron3S fibre concrete is 10.31 Mpa in a period of 28 days and it gets twice stronger than the low density light weight concrete standards.

8

4. Both concretes exhibit the floating phenomenon. 5. The concrete splitting Tensile strength with 100 replace-

ment of natural aggregate with Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates is 0.772 Mpa within 28 days which is 8.85% of its compressive strength. This strength is consid- ered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

6. The splitting Tensile strength of expanded polypropylene aggregates with Recron3S fiber concrete is 0.95 Mpa in 28 days which is 9.21% of its compressive strength. This strength is considered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

7. Water absorption of both concretes is 5.2% and 4.5% which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

8. PH values of both concretes are 12.6 and 12.4 which is a sat- isfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

9. Water penetration test of both concretes is 8 mm and 9.2 mm which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

10. By doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes, Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size.

11. XRD analysis characterizes the crystalline phases of wide components in the concrete.

9. Availability of data

The facts that support this study’s outcomes are openly avail- able in authors names and the URL reference numbers.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

DaraEaswar karthik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Soft- ware, Data curation. Shaik Mohammad Arifullah: Visualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Yellinedi Madhavi: Supervi- sion, Software, Validation.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

A significant support of this research was from the Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department, University of Northum- bria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Vignan’s LARA Institute of Technology & Science’s Department of Civil engineering, Vadla- mudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India also supported this study. In a special way we appreciate L.C.C Ready mix Concrete pvt. Ltd, NH-5, opp. Raintreepark, Namburu, Andhra Pradesh 522508.

References

[1] Ayhan, Mustafa, HaticeGönül, _Ismail AğaGönül, and AskeriKarakus�, 2011, Effect of basic pumice on morphologic properties of interfacial transition zone in load-bearing lightweight/semi-lightweight concretes. Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 5: 2507-2518.

[2] Dale P. Bentz, Influence of internal curing using lightweight aggregates on interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in mortars, Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (5) (2009) 285–289.

[3] K.M.A. Hossain, S. Ahmed, M. Lachemi, Lightweight concrete incorporating pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and durability characteristics, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (3) (2011) 1186–1195.

[4] Ismail, KamsiahMohd, MohamadShazliFathi, and N. Manaf, 2004, Study of lightweight concrete behaviour. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.

[5] Dara Easwar Karthik, PattelaMrudunayani, and S. V. V. K. Babu. Influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate resisting cement influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

resisting cement. In Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 347-352. 2019.

[6] Y. Ke, S. Ortola, A.L. Beaucour, H. Dumontet, Identification of microstructural characteristics in lightweight aggregate concretes by micromechanical modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)., Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (11) (2010) 1590–1600.

[7] Recron 3S FibersFor Concrete. , Reliance Industries Limited., http://www. royalmarketing.co.in/Recron3S-Product%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. Technical Information of expanded Polypropylene Foam., Ruch Nova Plast., Status : 08.2010. , www.ruch.de.

9

[8] P. Vargas, Oscar Restrepo-Baena, Jorge I. Tobón, Microstructural analysis of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and its impact on the compressive strength of lightweight concretes, Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (2017) 381–389.

[9] Paola Vargas, Natalia A. Marín, Jorge I. Tobon, Performance and microstructural analysis of lightweight concrete blended with nanosilica under sulfate attack, Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018).

[10] S.P. Zhang, L. Zong, Evaluation of relationship between water absorption and durability of concrete materials., Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014).

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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564 2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Technology and Engineering.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik), skarifmark@gmail. com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)

Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete ba expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564

DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi Madhavi c

a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England b Department of Civil Engineering, K.L University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 17 November 2020 Available online xxxx

Keywords: Sulphate resisting cement Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Scanning electric microscopy (SEM) Physical & chemical properties

This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement reacts with polypropylene foam on low density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical resisting cement and physical properties of the low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete. Considering that this research involved chemical processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration besides the mechanical tests and experi- mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general, Low Density Light Weight Concrete has 300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low handling costs, with many advantages includ- ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement. Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water- cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between water and cement. Inadequate water can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance coatings which in turn weaken in solidity. This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low-density Light Weight Concrete based on

the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of general aggregates. Procedures which focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the concrete are involved. In addition, the research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these works is done by examining the concrete with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific

committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.

1. Introduction

There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The light weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position for consideration in the future construction industry since low density light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to 800 Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure con- struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently, to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and availability of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a

way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre- gates with different types of materials. The research mainly focuses on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with sul- phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal- anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper bonding between the water and cement.

In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on strength properties. This study can be conducted on the polypropy- lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such as Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.

1.1. Objectives and scopes

� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the sulphate resisting cement.

Science,

sed on

Table 1 Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.

Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS: 12330–1988

Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02 Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max 2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max C3S 52.14 . . . C2S 19.60 . . .

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi

� To Examine the Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates properties.

� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres. � To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density light weight concrete.

� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.

� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.

� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded polypropylene foam aggregates.

� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light weight aggregates.

2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete

The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early 19th century in the United States. In the construction industry, there are several benefits associated with low density light weight concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the dead load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal conductivity, low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low-density light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a char- acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.

3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement

Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions where the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to sul- phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or uncovered especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement con- tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably low value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts in sul- phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of Ca2+

ions with SO4 present in the Solution can be exhibited in gypsum. The tri-calcium aluminate reacts with sulphate ions in concrete

to form gypsum

C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H ! C3A.3CS.H32 The ettringite is reduced by the sulphate concentration which in

turn disintegrates the structure to nano sulphates”.

2C3A + C3A.3CS3H32 ! 3C3A.3CS.H12 It is necessary to understand how the Sulphate resisting cement

compounds influence the slow-density light weight concrete. At the same time, the Expanded Polypropylene foam aggregates react with Sulphate resisting cement affecting the binding nature of the cement molecules.

2

Expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates are in solid state, so the reaction of bogus compounds in cement is unique. When the

bogus compounds penetrate the inter-molecular matrix structure, they result to a strength increase property of the low-density light weight concrete. This is significant in comprehending the ingrained nature of low-density light weight concrete and how it influences various parameters of the concrete, which are made with the expanded polypropylene foam.

4. Systematic Examination of materials

In the preparation of low-density light weight concrete, Sul- phate resisting cement, Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates, Super plasticizer and Air Entraining Agents were applied.

The suggested methodology for the improvement of this inves- tigation is categorized in three primary phases. In the three pri- mary phases, there are several sub-functional components of works that include;

Phase 1: Chemical and Physical characterization of materials. Sub-component 1.1. Chemical and physical Examination of Sul-

phate Resisting Cement through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Visual Examination Processes by different tests.

Sub-Component 1.2. Examination of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates as per DIN EN 71–1/2/3 Test processes.

Sub-Component 1.3. Examination of Recron 3 s fibres material by some physical and optical tests.

Phase 2: Design and preparation of concrete. Phase 3: Study the Mechanical, Micro-structural, Durability

tests and NDT tests of the concrete. Sub-component 3.1. Examination of Mechanical properties of

concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength. Sub-component 3.2. Examination of Micro structural Analysis,

X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).

Sub-Component 3.3. Examination of Durability test, pH value and water absorption tests.

4.1. The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement

The chemical structure of Sulphate Resisting Cement can be determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. By performing this test, it helps in sample chemical analysis by quantifying the emitted fluorescent X-ray from the morsel when it is generated from a fundamental source of X-ray. Moreover, every component has its unique nature when it reacts with other elements or pro- cesses. Likewise, the bogus compounds in sulphate resisting cement involved in XRF processes, shows the qualitative analysis of material composition. In order to find some other chemicals in cement, other tests are carried out [2] (Table 1).

Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 3 Expanded Polypropylene Foam Physical Properties.

Properties Test Method Units Test Results

Moulded density — Kg/ 90

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

4.2. Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement

The physical examination can be done by standard test proce- dures of codebooks. And the requirements can be considered as per the standard codebook of IS: 12330–1988 (Table 2).

Table 2 Physical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.

Properties Units Test Outcomes

Requirements of IS: 12330–1988

Standard Consistency Mm/% water content

6/29% . . .

Time Setting by Vicat Method a) Initial min 110 30 Min b) Final min 207 600 Min

Specific Cement Gravity . . . 3.15 3.0–3015 Cement Fineness M2/Kg 260 225 Min Soundness Test

a) Le-Chatliar Expansion

Mm Nil 10 Max

b) Auto-Clave Test % 0.02 0.80 Max Expansion of Sulphate % 0.0052 0.045 Max Compressive Strength 72 ± 1 h Mpa 31.2 10.0 Min 168 ± 2 h Mpa 42.6 16.0Min 672 ± 4 h Mpa 53.1 33.0 Min

m3

Thermal Conductivity at 10 �C DIN 52,612 W/ (m*K)

0.044

Compressive stress at 25% deformation DIN 53,421 kPa 650 Elongation at break DIN 53,571 % 11 Tensile Strength DIN 53,571 kPa 1150 Pressure deformation residual 22 h/RT/

24 h,25% deformation DIN53572/ ISO 185

% 9

Static load per Surface 5%/ 100d DIN 53,421 kPa 170 Specific Energy Absorption Iso 4651 kJ/m3 — Bump elasticity DIN 53,512 % — Squash Hardness DIN 53,577 kPa — C-Factor ISO 4651 1 — Surface Resistance: DIN/VDE

0303 a) Standard Types Respectively O � 1012 b) Standard Types Coated with

antistic agent DIN 60,093 O —

Dielectric Strength DIN VDE 0303

KV/ mm

—

23 �C /50% Relative Humidity Teil 21 Water Absorption at Saturation After 1 day DIN 53,428 Vol. % < 1 After 7 days Vol. % 1–2,5 Heat Resistance 9Test Period 3 Weeks) — oC �40 to

110

4.3. Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam

Expanded Polypropylene Foam components are made of expanded polypropylene particles with an almost closed cell struc- ture. These particles, delivered as bulk goods, are produced into different foam components with machines for processing particle foams. The range of standard type moulded density is from 20 to 120 kg/m3 [3]. Production and processing of the foam particles are without any emission of CFC. The standard results can be con- sidered by (DIN EN 56–1/2/3) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Expanded Polypropylene Foam.

4.3.1. Properties of expanded polypropylene foam Expanded Polypropylene Foam has multi-functional properties,

some of which are explained below:

� High Energy Absorption on Low weight. � Good resilience after static and dynamic stress. � Almost unaffected energy absorption after multi-impacts. � Isotropic deformation behaviours irrespective of impact’s direction.

� Low absorption of water. � Functional reliability over a wide temperature range (Table 3).

3

4.3.2. Chemical resistance To know the chemical resistance of the Expanded Polypropy-

lene Foam at Active Medium of EPP 50 g/l 14 days/ 22 �C as shown in the graph below

.

4.3.3. Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates In the preparation of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggre-

gates, dimensions of ‘‘Review Paper on Network Analysis and Syn- thesis of Deriving Point

Functions” 20*20*20 mm are considered. In making the aggre- gates, take the foam sheets and cut them on a mechanical machine with a marking of dimensions with a density of 18 kg/m3 (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Dimensions of the Aggregates.

Table 5 Properties of Fine Aggregates.

Properties Units Results

Sieve Analysis Nature Zone-II Bulk Density Kg/m3 1600 Specific Gravity — 2.6 Moisture Content % 4.2 Silt Content % 2 Fine Modulus Nature Course Sand

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

4.4. Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre

Fibres of Recron 3S are engineered Micro Fibres contains a unique Triangular transaction, employed in Concrete Peripheral Augmentation. It supplements systemic steel in strengthening shrinkage resistance of the concrete, fissure and improvement of mechanical aspects like Split/Flexural Transverse and Tensile con- crete Strength alongside the wanted enhancement in impact and abrasion strength. The manufactured of Recron 3 s fibres happens in an ISO 9001:2000amenity for concrete use as a ‘‘secondary aug- mentation” at a dosage rate ranging from 0.1% � 0.4% and volume (0.9 kgs/ Cu.m to 3.60 kgs /Cu.M) [4,7]. Fibres conform to ASTM C 1116, type 111 Fibre Buttressed Concrete (Fig. 3) (Table 4).

Fig. 3. Recron 3S Fibre.

Table 4 The Recron 3S Properties.

Properties Units Adopting Materials Standards

Shape — Triangular — Cut Length Mm 12 3/ 4.8/ 6 /12/ 24 Effective Diameter Microns 22 20–40 Specific Gravity — 1.36 1.34–1.39 Melting Point Deg C 255 250–265 Tensile Strength Gpd 5 4–6 Elongation % 28 20–60 Young’s Modulus Mpa 4000 >5000 Alkaline Stability — Very Good 32 standards Acid Resistance Nature Excellent Standards

Fig. 4. Floating Phenomenon.

4.5. Properties of Fine aggregates

Natural sand with a specific size of sieves of retained sample is considered, with sieve sizes of 150m �600m. The properties of fine aggregates are illustrated in Table 5 below.

4

4.6. Chemicals

For the preparation of concrete, two types of chemicals are considered.

Chemical 1: Super plasticizer; used for water content reduction in concrete. The Super Plasticizer‘s has a 1.04 particular gravity is.

Chemical 2: Air Entraining Agent (AEA); it is a surface-active chemical which helps create small air bubbles on concrete and mix uniformly. The advantage of this agent is that, it increases the resistance of freezing and thawing, which results in increase in cohesion and less bleeding in concrete mix. In our case, the specific gravity of the A.E.A is 1.05.

5. Methodology

The research work was divided to two phases which are as follows.

First Phase: In this phase, the design mix was prepared with expanded polypropylene aggregates of 18 kg/m3density and 100% replacement of course aggregates. For getting high strength pur- pose, the material ratio of cement and water– (a/mc) of 0.32 was considered.

Second Phase: In this Phase, the design mix was prepared in the same way as First Phase but with addition of 1.1% / bag of cement.

5.1. Test sample preparation

The mix of concrete was prepared as per the design mix of first and second phases. For free test of compaction strength, the sam- ple tests of 15 cm � 15 cm � 15 cm, as established by IS:456:2000 was considered. The prepared cubes were exposed to a process of damp curing in liquid saturated water, at a 27 ± 2 �C room temper- ature for a period of 7 to 28 days in compaction strength. The pores volume and absorption of water tests were then conducted on the samples. At the same time, the preparation of the tensile strength test sample of 30 cm high and 15 cm of radius of test specimen is consider as per the IS:456–2000 (Fig. 4).

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

6. Experimentation

6.1. Mix Design

Explanation of Mix Design of two research works (Tables 6 and 7).

Table 7 Design Mix of low solidity concrete of light weight with addition of Recron 3S Fibre.

S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt) Recron 3S Fibre (kg)

358 300 12 125 2.5 3 3.93

Table 6 Design Mix of low-density light weight concrete.

S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt)

358 300 12 125 2.5 3

Table 9 Tensile Strength Test Results.

Sample Tensile strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)

Tensile strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

0.651 0.772

7. Results and discussions

In this part, explanation given to Mechanical, Durability, Micro- logical, and NDT tests were conducted. These tests were subdi- vided into different test forms.

Mechanical Tests: In this part, Split Tensile and compressive strength tests were conducted.

Durability Tests: Absorption of water, pH value and water pen- etration tests were performed in this segment.

Micrological Tests: In this area, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) were done.

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

0.786 0.95

7.1. Mechanical tests

7.1.1. Compressive strength test The test of Compaction strength was carried out after 7 and

28 days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions then testing was conducted. The test results were as presented on Table 8, for both types of research works [1].

Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Results.

Sample Mechanical strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)

Mechanical strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

7.62 8.72

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

8.54 10.31

Table 10 Water Absorption Test Results.

Sample Water Absorption in

The strength of compression of low-density lightweight con- crete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and with- out the inclusion of Recron 3S Fibre, gave best results with an average compressive strength of 7.62 Mpa after 7 days and 8.72 Mpa after 28 days without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 8.54 Mpa for 7 days and 10.31 Mpa after 28 days after adding Recron 3S fibre sample.

Percentage

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

5.2

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

4.5

7.1.2. Tensile strength test

The test of tensile strength was carried out after 7th and 28th days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions,

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and then testing was conducted. The test results were presented on Table 9, for both research works [5].

The Tensile strength test was conducted on UTM of 60 tones capacity and a load intensity of 1KN/sec was applied to the speci- men but still ended up failing. The Tensile strength of low-density lightweight concrete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and without the adding Recron 3S Fibre, produced the best results with an average strength of compressive of 0.651 Mpa after 7th day and 0.772 Mpa after 28th day without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 0.786 Mpa for 7 days and 0.95 Mpa after 28th day shaving added Recron 3S fibre sample.

In both tensile and compressive strength, a characteristic of expanded polypropylene froth aggregates giving higher strength in the concrete of low density light weight was revealed.

7.2. Durability tests

7.2.1. Water absorption test This is a durability test employed to determine the amount of

water (percentage) that was absorbed in concrete using IS: 1124 (1974). In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, [10] the outcomes of the test are as presented [6] in Table 10 below:

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The water absorption test improved over time as the concrete was standard and crystals continued to grow.

7.2.2. PH value of concrete In general, concrete was prepared with different compositions

like, aggregates, cement and water in order to get strength and durability. Moreover, pH value of water also changed when pro- cessing was taking place. During the hydration of concrete, there was introduction of some concentration levels of either acids or bases present in the moisture of concrete (Table 11).

Fig. 6. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam.

Table 11 PH of Concrete Test Results.

Sample PH Value of Concrete

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates

12.6

Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

12.4

Normally, the pH of concrete lies between 12 and 13. The results of this research work were efficient and reliable.

7.2.3. Water penetration test This was conducted to check the durability property of concrete

as per the German standard DIN 1048 (Part 5) This result clearly showed that the concrete of low density light

weight has high strength, since the depth of penetration was too low and the durability of concrete was high [3,7] (Table 12).

Table 12 Water penetrations of Concrete Test Results.

Sample Maximum depth of Concrete (mm)

Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates

8

Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

9.2

7.3. Micrological tests

7.3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) The characteristics of low density light weight concrete can be

observed by the performance of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The per- formance of XRD analysis can be modified on XRD PAN analytical X-Part Pro MPD with a source of copper (Cu) with a frequency of CuKa=1:541862 A in 2h interval between 6� �60� with a 0.0200o scan step and the 30sec accrual time period. The goniometric with Mini Flex of 300/600, with a dirtier of SC-70, and the scan speed of 1000 deg/min, with a scan range of 3.000–90.000� [8] (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. XRD Process.

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The diffract grams identification was carried out with the X-Part High Score data plus Software. With the low density light weight concrete of expanded polypropylene aggregates, it can be observed that, the maximum point reached in Fig. 6, was in between 20 deg and 30 deg.

The major component observed this analysis was Quartz 40%, and the minor component is lint site with 11% of occupancy. And the remaining chemical is calcite of 34% and the 15% of andradite.

Fig. 7. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with Recron 3Sandex- panded polypropylene Foam.

In Fig. 7 the maximum point can be seen in between 20�and 30�which explain the low density light weight concrete with Expanded Polypropylene Foam and Recron 3S fibre. The major component observed in this analysis was calcite 28%, and the minor component being Norsethite with 7% of occupancy. The remaining chemical is Mullite of 27% and the 22% of Quartz and 16% of Hanksite Fig. 8.

A

B

Fig. 8. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

The composition of material was significant in getting the high strength. The results show how the low density light weight con- crete acquired that much strength.

C

Fig. 9. The low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam SEM Report.

7.3.2. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) SEM is a versatile power tool for material characterization. SEM

has become more useful and necessary due to the continuous decrease of the materials dimensions for copious application. SEM uses electron for imaging, just like light microscopes [6,9].

When doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size. The model of trans- mission line using Z-View Software

Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Quartz (Fig. 9A) and Quartz and Calsite composites (Fig. 9B). The pure Quartz shows pure mor- phology. The size of pores represented in (Fig. 9 A, B, and C) range depending on distribution of uniform nature of concrete. The micro cracks were observed at 5 mm section with 1000 magnification range. The figures have less pores and this reduces water penetra- tion. Since the bonding between the molecules is high, it increases the compressive strength as well.

Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Calcite (Fig. 10a) and the Mullite and Quartz (Fig. 10b). The immaculate Calcite illustrates a permeable morphology; its post-treatment efficiently filled the pores within the Recron 3S strands surface (Fig. 10b) thereby mak- ing calcite within the composite. Even though the impacts are not clear for moo calcite concentration (0.1 M) treatment, especially at the surface of Recron 3S strands, the higher concentrations effi- ciently created nanoparticles (Measure 5–100 nm) which were not as it was shaped (a lean Calisite over layer) on the surface but moreover filled the holes between adjoining MPNFs coming about and made strides filaments interconnectivity constituting the MPNF s. Additionally, the SEM high concentration images (0.5 M) appeared within the supporting data (Fig. 10c), which illus- trates the arrangement of extraordinary calcite on the electrode of MPNFs. The moved forward visible photo-anode film correlation upon Clacite post-processing is their cross-sectional apparent shape [2,10].

Even though the photo-anode’s fabric absorbency supports entrance of electrolyte and upgraded colour take-up, it increases strands-boundary thickness and decreases particle–particle inter- connectivity subsequently coming about in increased voltage transport opposition. Quartz was used as a channel of filling the voids in immaculate MPNFs (Fig. 10a) anticipated extending the photo anode’s film transport properties. The photo-anode’s cross- sectional view films illustrate the nearness of numerous pores in unadulterated Calcite MPNFs (Fig. 10b). The MPNFs held their holes morphology after glue making handle, which applies a mechanical tumult on the nanostructure.

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8. Conclusion

The following inferences can be deduced basing on the current research work outcomes.

1. The expanded polypropylene foam has a high compressive strength when compared to other foam materials. So when mixed with bogus material, it increases the bond strength.

a

b

c

Fig. 10. SEM Report of the low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam and Recron3S.

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

2. The concrete compressive strength with 100 replacement of natural aggregate by Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggre- gates is 8.72 Mpa in a period of 28 days. And it gets more strength than the low density light weight concrete standards.

3. The compressive strength of expanded polypropylene aggre- gates with Recron3S fibre concrete is 10.31 Mpa in a period of 28 days and it gets twice stronger than the low density light weight concrete standards.

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4. Both concretes exhibit the floating phenomenon. 5. The concrete splitting Tensile strength with 100 replace-

ment of natural aggregate with Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates is 0.772 Mpa within 28 days which is 8.85% of its compressive strength. This strength is consid- ered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

6. The splitting Tensile strength of expanded polypropylene aggregates with Recron3S fiber concrete is 0.95 Mpa in 28 days which is 9.21% of its compressive strength. This strength is considered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

7. Water absorption of both concretes is 5.2% and 4.5% which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

8. PH values of both concretes are 12.6 and 12.4 which is a sat- isfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

9. Water penetration test of both concretes is 8 mm and 9.2 mm which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.

10. By doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes, Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size.

11. XRD analysis characterizes the crystalline phases of wide components in the concrete.

9. Availability of data

The facts that support this study’s outcomes are openly avail- able in authors names and the URL reference numbers.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

DaraEaswar karthik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Soft- ware, Data curation. Shaik Mohammad Arifullah: Visualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Yellinedi Madhavi: Supervi- sion, Software, Validation.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

A significant support of this research was from the Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department, University of Northum- bria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Vignan’s LARA Institute of Technology & Science’s Department of Civil engineering, Vadla- mudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India also supported this study. In a special way we appreciate L.C.C Ready mix Concrete pvt. Ltd, NH-5, opp. Raintreepark, Namburu, Andhra Pradesh 522508.

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