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THE FLOATING SEAHORSE
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The Heart of Europe is building 42 Floating Seahorses which will be located just offshore from St Petersburg Island and Main Europe Island. Investors purchasing a Floating Seahorse can benefit from rental returns through Mont Royal Hotel.
There are also opportunities for investors / operators purchasing any of The Heart of Europe’s hotels (i.e. Ibiza Hotel, Marbella Hotel, Monaco Hotel) to also introduce The Floating Seahorse into their hotel accommodation portfolio.
Prices & Payment Schedule
Each Floating Seahorse is currently for sale at AED 6.5 million.
The payment schedule is as follows: Initial Reservation Deposit 20% AED 1.3 million
Second 20% Payment (December 2015*) AED 1.3 million (*Subject to The Heart of Europe’s first Floating Seahorse being ready and in the water)
Third 20% Payment (June 2016*) AED 1.3 million (*Subject to Dry Docks Dubai structure completed and seen)
Final 40% Payment (December 2016) AED 2.6 million
(NB. Please note the above purchase price of AED 6.5 million does not include furniture).
Business Plan for The Floating Seahorse The Floating Seahorse is a totally unique product and there is not currently anything similar available in the world. In light of this, we have no exact product to compare it with, but as an example, we have identified The Poseidon Suites at The Atlantis Hotel as a guide in terms of business plan and projections for The Floating Seahorse.
Poseidon Suites, Atlantis The Palm, Dubai The average room rate per night for an underwater suite (which isn’t actually underwater but boasts a built in aquarium to give the impression that you are underwater) has average room rate of AED 30,000 per night (based on two adults sharing). The size of the suite is 165m2.
THE FLOATING SEAHORSE
As there will only be 42 Floating Seahorses in the world, supply is low and demand will be high. Our estimated figures below are conservative, but realistic, in comparison with average prices at the exclusive Poseidon Suites at The Atlantis:
Occupancy 80% Average Daily Rate for one Floating Seahorse AED 15,000* (*Each Floating Seahorse can accommodate up to six people. The total built size is 182m2)
Estimate Annual Rental Revenue AED 4.5 million* (*Based on 300 nights rented per year. The owner/investor is entitled to 14 nights per year free of charge for personal use if desired)
Total Operating Costs (60%) AED 2.7 million** (**Please note, this excludes maintenance fees which are AED 20 per square foot)
Estimated Total Profit (ROI per year) AED 1.8 million
This conservative calculation represents an annual tax free ROI of 27.69% based on the total initial investment which is highly attractive.
Capital Growth Projection Our estimations for capital growth is also conservative and is detailed below: 10% per year from pre-construction to The Floating Seahorse being fully-operational. Based on an initial sales price of AED 6.5 million, 10% per annum would generate AED 975.000 capital appreciation which means that within the first three years, the investor would get 100% return on his/her initial investment.
THE FLOATING SEAHORSE
HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5756 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE
THE FLOATING SEAHORSE
FLOOR PLANS & LAYOUTS
SEA LEVEL PLAN
58 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE UNDERWATER LEVEL PLAN UPPER DECK PLAN
HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 6160 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE
Get in
TOUCH IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT THE FLOATING SEAHORSE OR ANY OTHER PROJECTS AT THE HEART OF EUROPE, PLEASE CONTACT US FOR MORE INFORMATION.
The Heart of Europe is a truly unique project unlike anything that’s has ever been seen before and now is the perfect opportunity to invest in your own little piece of paradise, be it for investment purposes or for personal use.
To book a complimentary, no obligation VIP tour of the awe-inspiring project, please contact us today to arrange an appointment.
KENSINGTON INTERNATIONAL GROUP Showroom / Offices :
Arenco Tower, 20th Floor, Dubai Media City, Dubai, UAE
+39 02 21 117 186 [email protected] www.groupkensington.com
64 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE
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Explanation of construction process and alternative use of proposed concrete in that construction
Rigid pavements with a reinforced concrete pavement base, concrete roads are classified as rigid roads. The road alignment and formation preparation are the two processes of road construction. The purpose of the road alignment is to ensure safe driving on the highway corridor. Comment by Author: I don’t know why the roads and their data came in between this doc
(1) The horizontal alignment, which is governed by the horizontal movement and curves, is the first of the alignments. (2) Tt the hills, the vertical alignment, describing the vertical curves for comfortable driving for all vehicles (using super-elevation etc.). The initial surface on which the road structure will be mounted is the roan formation level. As a result, it must be made sufficient and adequate in this regard.
Construction of a rigid pavement; the subgrade layer is composed of the following layers. The level below which the road is formed the layer of the subbase and base. The subbase is a high-strength, high-quality layer on the subgrade; however, because the pavement is concrete, the subbase and base layer might be regarded a single unit known as the base layer. The layer is designed and built as a structural unit to sustain the weight of the cars and the predicted traffic on the road. Surface layer with a bituminous finish. To provide a smooth riding/driving surface as well as a cover for the concrete base.
Introduction of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahorse at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015. It is essentially a boat and a submersible without any motor. It has three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck. The architects plan to build an artificial coral reef beneath it, where the endangered Arabic seahorse will be able to reclaim its former home and be admired in all its beauty, according to the architects. The fact that it was built in the mass-production era distinguishes it from most architectural undertakings. Something we've seen previously in architecture, particularly on housing projects and complexes.
Using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
Researchers and engineers with the vision to maintain development activities current while reducing costs could explore for other building materials. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the possibilities of using EPS concrete in seahorse structure, a packing material in the form of beads in concrete that is otherwise providing a waste disposal and waste management danger. Environmentalists are worried about this substance. The goal of this research is to use EPF beads to partially replace coarse aggregates. Under uniaxial loading, the effect of EPF content on failure mode, stress-strain relationship, and elastic modulus of expanded polystyrene aggregate concrete (EPAC) was examined. The examined concrete had a density of less than 800 kilograms per cubic meter. EPAC was claimed to have good compressibility, and specimens tested under compression showed the development of an apparent oblique crack. Comment by Author: I told you , please tell the why the EPS concrete used in structure and importance but you tell my work is danges to that construction. Comment by Author: Who said beads Comment by Author: It mentions like my work is not sutable for this construtions
Advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
In some circumstances, such as a medical emergency, repayment of a home loan, building or acquisition of a new home, remodeling of a home, children's weddings, or self-employment, EPF enables partial fund withdrawals. In the event of a financial emergency, an EPF member can also obtain a loan with a 1% interest rate. The EPF account earns a better rate of return than a traditional savings account. The excess contribution is referred to as the 'Voluntary Provident Fund' when an employee wishes to donate more than the minimum necessary contribution. All PF accounts must be split into two accounts: one for the taxable contribution and interest earned on that component, and another for the non-taxable contribution, which includes the PF account's closing balance as of March 31, 2021, as well as all new non-taxable contributions and interest. Comment by Author: What is this nonsense Comment by Author: Its about concrete not loans Comment by Author: What is savings account Comment by Author: I don’t know what is this Comment by Author: Why it came in between this doc
Proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
BIM is a design and construction method used by architects. The procedure incorporates a variety of design tools and approaches with the ultimate goal of making every phase of building and design as efficient, safe, and cost-effective as feasible. BIM is a method of organizing and managing data and information about a construction project in order to create a building information model that can include a digital description of each asset. Building and facility operations and maintenance can account for up to 85% of the overall cost of the structure. 3D visualization, clash detection, feasibility analysis, constructability assessment, quantity take-off and cost estimate, 4D/scheduling, environmental/LEED analysis, producing shop drawings, and facility management are all BIM applications in the AEC industry. BIM has the ability to increase construction efficiency, boost team communication and knowledge exchange, and assist with construction-related activities. Using BIM throughout a project decreases risks by increasing efficiency, reducing errors or misinterpretations among designers, engineers, and contractors, and demanding collaboration and knowledge exchange among all parties involved to assure correctness and reliability. Comment by Author: I am asking how BIM works used in sears construction not what is BIM
Construction procedure of seahorse structure
Due to their uneven range and low density, as well as their cryptic nature, there is a scarcity of ecological data on seahorses (Foster and Vincent 2004). These characteristics make it especially challenging to survey, measure, and monitor the health of their people, whether for scientific study or commercial development initiatives like environmental impact assessments prior to construction activity. Only one seahorse species, which is restricted to three estuaries in South Africa, has had a range-wide ecological evaluation completed to yet. The majority of European seahorse research has been focused on a few tiny focal areas. Comment by Author: Biology is mixing in construction what a senseless Comment by Author: Zovalaoagy mixing
What of materials used in seahorse structure
The group chose glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) covering for the Seahorse Villas' construction because of its flexibility, according to Bolzoni. A "floating platform that curves to create a roof" is the goal for the villas. However, by incorporating ocean ownership into the title deed, the value of each house will skyrocket. "We wanted to mirror the beauty of the sea; we wanted to have the close interaction with water that a boat has, but with the luxury and comfort of a villa.""As a result of its vessel title, the structure can be moved at any moment, while the sea space is protected by its real estate title," says the author. Comment by Author: Why glass power came in this work I don’t know Comment by Author: What is this Comment by Author: What is this nonsense irrelevant to heading
Design model of seahorse structure
Comment by Author: Am asinking desing model not history and more over you already mentioned on top agin what is this
You may have heard of The World in Dubai, a global landmark consisting of 300 islands reclaimed from the water in the shape of a world map and home to an iconic collection of private and resort islands. The Heart of Europe, a cluster of six islands modelled after Europe, may be found within The World. The Floating Seahorse Villas, which are three-level luxury houseboats with the lowest levels submerged underwater, are located within that.
Comment by Author: Same as above comment
Kleindienst Group owns the cluster of six islands on The World project, which was designed to capture the true aesthetic and cultural riches of European cities. The Floating Seahorse, the world's first luxury underwater living experience with a view of the Arabian Gulf, is located in the heart of Europe. It is also home to the world's largest natural aquarium, The Floating Seahorse. The photographs below are real photos of the Floating Seahorse, not computer-generated representations that are often circulated on the internet.
BIM process of seahorse structure
We found that using technology, such as building information modelling (BIM) for various construction processes across all six islands on The Heart of Europe, as well as aerial photography and drones to define the exact layout of each area, was particularly helpful during the early stages of the project planning. The Floating Seahorses are linked to the heart-shaped island by specially designed pathways made of concrete and timber platforms. This ensures that the flooring is both durable and low-maintenance, as well as matching the island concept. We found that utilizing technology, such as BIM for various construction procedures on all six islands, was extremely beneficial. One of the most crucial parts of The Heart of Europe is ensuring the island's and its terrestrial and marine environments' long-term viability. The island provides a calm environment with 300m of coastline thanks to the perfect mixing of natural and man-made components. Comment by Author: Unnecessary data
Floating concept of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahorse at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015, which is essentially a boat and a submersible with no motor. It has three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck. The 'floating seahorse,' built by a team of architects and interior designers, offers four movable living / sleeping rooms to ensure an amazing trip experience. Each unit can also be adjusted to provide the utmost in seclusion by completely enclosing the outdoor areas on both the lower and upper levels. These outdoor spaces, when not covered, can be used for year-round alfresco entertaining. Comment by Author: Already mentioned this point on above again why you mentioned I don’t know
Clear explanation work with clear representation
"The Floating Seahorse is designed to be used on breakwaters.""It sank because it was placed out on the strong seas for which it was not constructed," he explained. So, how did it get there in the first place? According to Kleindienst Group, they had moved it there for a New Year's Eve party. It was used as the center stage for the party, providing lights, music, and DJs to surrounding yachts from which revelers viewed the New York fireworks. That night, nothing unusual occurred. It did, however, happen three days later. Fortunately, there were no passengers on board. "There was no one inside or near the house," stated Lt. Col. Ahmad Atiq Burqibah, Deputy Director of the Dubai Police's Search and Rescue Department. "We sped to the spot and arrived in eight minutes. “The waters were rough and the waves were 6 to 8 feet high,” he remembered. A model of a floating seahorse that keeled over while being brought to Europe's heartland. The Floating Seahorse, billed as the pinnacle of luxury and extravagance, is a crucial component of Kleindienst's The Heart of Europe development, a manufactured island on The World Islands, and some 4 km off Dubai's coast. The corporation has been pushing it heavily throughout the city's malls. The project has received rave reviews in major local and international newspapers on a regular basis. It was also filmed for the Discovery Channel's Impossible Builds series by a UK-based production company. Comment by Author: OMG what is this I read -2-3 times I what is this data and why it is related to this work
Comment by Author: This is not seahourse structure image
Model presentation of seahorse structure
Bolzoni goes on to highlight the unique problems of constructing such a large project offshore. "With time, we realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-sufficient as possible," he says, adding, "Of course, independent consultants are a tremendous resource when needed." For example, we have JK Bauen based here, as well as our own GRP team. Rather than hiring a specialist, we'd prefer to form our own team. Sure, there are some things we can't do, but we've honed our skills through time." Comment by Author: ?
Comment by Author: No use
Comment by Author: Not a sea hourese structure
Personal reflection for making thing project
We wanted to capture the beauty of the water, to have the close interaction with the water that a boat has, but with the elegance and comfort of a villa. "I usually conceive of weight sitting on top of the foundation, but weight behaves in a completely different way in this case." For any construction that is in water, I learned that symmetry and regular shapes are essential." According to Bolzoni, the weight distribution of the Seahorse Villas is "totally unbalanced.""A marble-covered bathroom may be in one corner of the villa, while the opposite corner could be quite vacant, adding very little weight to the overall construction." Given the underwater vistas offered by the Seahorse Villas, maintaining a healthy seascape is critical. "Our villas overlook an undersea realm, not a garden," he explains. "Instead of gardeners, we have a dive team and a marine biologist who look after everything around the Seahorse Villas." With time, we realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-sufficient as possible, relying on independent consultants as little as possible. Because of the project's unique and demanding requirements, the developer will need to hire an additional "250 staff every month" to meet the first phase's late 2019 completion deadline. The Floating Seahorse is an absolutely one-of-a-kind aquatic product. It's a private marine hideaway with its own plot in the Arabian Gulf (basically a boat without propulsion). It is an iconic and one-of-a-kind premium lifestyle product that was unveiled at the Dubai International Boat Show in March of 2015. The Signature Edition of The Floating Seahorse offers tremendous versatility with four exi-living and sleeping rooms, each of which may be customized to meet individual needs. By completely enclosing the outside areas at sea level and on the upper deck, the Floating Seahorse may be modified to provide the ultimate in solitude. The Floating Seahorse's Signature Edition is geared toward families and groups with children. The Floating Seahorse can be completely modified and tailored to fit your particular style and preferences. Each Floating Seahorse will be one-of-a-kind and unique, inspired by the genuine meaning of a signature. Comment by Author: I asked personal reflection with headings like Introduction Project info Definition of the Issue Project Summary Project Methodology Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria Stating the Plan and Approach Risk Analysis & Management Outing the Schedules Ending the Proposal You didn’t do that and What evere you wrore the data is not related to personal refelection of the project No use of this data
General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of construction materials and if proposed concrete and on alternative original material report
The aptly called "Floating Seahorse," a $2.8 million floating residence that arrived in the Heart of Europe earlier this year, was the first of its kind. They now plan to construct even larger mansions, with a price tag of $12 million. According to design firm Kleindienst Group, the $2.8 million Floating Seahorse is the culmination of over 5,000 hours of research and 13,000 hours of design and engineering. The cost of a single or numerous rooms in a Floating Seahorse Villa is between $10 million and $16.5 million. The cost of renting a room for one night can range from $10,000 to $25,000 per night.
Appendix
Appendix A
Appendix B
Company Profile, product image and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue, and contact information are all provided in the Global Floating Seahorse Market report. In addition, downstream demand analysis and upstream raw materials and instruments are provided. The market development trends and marketing channels for the Global Floating Seahorse are investigated. Finally, the viability of recent investment projects is evaluated, and the overall study conclusions are presented (BIM-based mobile augmented reality environment in facility management practices,” Facilities, vol. 34, no. 1/2, pp. 69–84, 2016.)
References
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J. Wang, X. Wang, J. Wang, P. Yung, and G. Jun, “Engagement of facilities management in design stage through BIM: framework and a case study,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2013, Article ID 189105, 8 pages, 2013.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
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Cefrio, Improving Efficiency and Productivity in the Construction Sector through the Use of Information Technologies, NRC Industrial Research Assistance Program, Quebec, Canada, 2011.
R. Borden, “Taking School Design to Students”, National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
J. Cohen, Integrated Project Delivery: Case Studies, AIA California Council, Sacramento, CA, USA, 2010.
Neasden Primary School, Application of BIM in Energy Management of Individual Departments Occupying University Facilities, Neasden Primary School, Hull, UK, 2019, https://neasdenprimary.org.uk/school-new-build/ .
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Tigard-Tualatin School District, Video Walkthrough Released for Tualatin HS Design, Tigard-Tualatin School District, Tigard, OR, USA, 2019, https://www.ttsdschools.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=21&ModuleInstanceID=10379&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=16640&PageID=63 .
J. Zhang and R. Issa, “Collecting fire evacuation performance data using BIM-based immersive serious games for performance-based fire safety design,” in Proceedings of the 2015 International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, pp. 612–619, Austin, TX, USA, June 2015.View at: Google Scholar
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H. Eckerlin, “An Evaluation of Daylighting in Four Schools in the Research Triangle Area of North Carolina,” North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2005, A Summary Report.View at: Google Scholar
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Explanation of construction process and alternative use of proposed concrete in that construction
Rigid pavements with a reinforced concrete pavement base, concrete roads are classified as rigid roads. The road alignment and formation preparation are the two processes of road construction. The purpose of the road alignment is to ensure safe driving on the highway corridor. Comment by Author: I don’t know why the roads and their data came in between this doc
(1) The horizontal alignment, which is governed by the horizontal movement and curves, is the first of the alignments. (2) Tt the hills, the vertical alignment, describing the vertical curves for comfortable driving for all vehicles (using super-elevation etc.). The initial surface on which the road structure will be mounted is the roan formation level. As a result, it must be made sufficient and adequate in this regard.
Construction of a rigid pavement; the subgrade layer is composed of the following layers. The level below which the road is formed the layer of the subbase and base. The subbase is a high-strength, high-quality layer on the subgrade; however, because the pavement is concrete, the subbase and base layer might be regarded a single unit known as the base layer. The layer is designed and built as a structural unit to sustain the weight of the cars and the predicted traffic on the road. Surface layer with a bituminous finish. To provide a smooth riding/driving surface as well as a cover for the concrete base.
Introduction of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahorse at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015. It is essentially a boat and a submersible without any motor. It has three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck. The architects plan to build an artificial coral reef beneath it, where the endangered Arabic seahorse will be able to reclaim its former home and be admired in all its beauty, according to the architects. The fact that it was built in the mass-production era distinguishes it from most architectural undertakings. Something we've seen previously in architecture, particularly on housing projects and complexes.
Using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
Researchers and engineers with the vision to maintain development activities current while reducing costs could explore for other building materials. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the possibilities of using EPS concrete in seahorse structure, a packing material in the form of beads in concrete that is otherwise providing a waste disposal and waste management danger. Environmentalists are worried about this substance. The goal of this research is to use EPF beads to partially replace coarse aggregates. Under uniaxial loading, the effect of EPF content on failure mode, stress-strain relationship, and elastic modulus of expanded polystyrene aggregate concrete (EPAC) was examined. The examined concrete had a density of less than 800 kilograms per cubic meter. EPAC was claimed to have good compressibility, and specimens tested under compression showed the development of an apparent oblique crack. Comment by Author: I told you , please tell the why the EPS concrete used in structure and importance but you tell my work is danges to that construction. Comment by Author: Who said beads Comment by Author: It mentions like my work is not sutable for this construtions
Advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
In some circumstances, such as a medical emergency, repayment of a home loan, building or acquisition of a new home, remodeling of a home, children's weddings, or self-employment, EPF enables partial fund withdrawals. In the event of a financial emergency, an EPF member can also obtain a loan with a 1% interest rate. The EPF account earns a better rate of return than a traditional savings account. The excess contribution is referred to as the 'Voluntary Provident Fund' when an employee wishes to donate more than the minimum necessary contribution. All PF accounts must be split into two accounts: one for the taxable contribution and interest earned on that component, and another for the non-taxable contribution, which includes the PF account's closing balance as of March 31, 2021, as well as all new non-taxable contributions and interest. Comment by Author: What is this nonsense Comment by Author: Its about concrete not loans Comment by Author: What is savings account Comment by Author: I don’t know what is this Comment by Author: Why it came in between this doc
Proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
BIM is a design and construction method used by architects. The procedure incorporates a variety of design tools and approaches with the ultimate goal of making every phase of building and design as efficient, safe, and cost-effective as feasible. BIM is a method of organizing and managing data and information about a construction project in order to create a building information model that can include a digital description of each asset. Building and facility operations and maintenance can account for up to 85% of the overall cost of the structure. 3D visualization, clash detection, feasibility analysis, constructability assessment, quantity take-off and cost estimate, 4D/scheduling, environmental/LEED analysis, producing shop drawings, and facility management are all BIM applications in the AEC industry. BIM has the ability to increase construction efficiency, boost team communication and knowledge exchange, and assist with construction-related activities. Using BIM throughout a project decreases risks by increasing efficiency, reducing errors or misinterpretations among designers, engineers, and contractors, and demanding collaboration and knowledge exchange among all parties involved to assure correctness and reliability. Comment by Author: I am asking how BIM works used in sears construction not what is BIM
Construction procedure of seahorse structure
Due to their uneven range and low density, as well as their cryptic nature, there is a scarcity of ecological data on seahorses (Foster and Vincent 2004). These characteristics make it especially challenging to survey, measure, and monitor the health of their people, whether for scientific study or commercial development initiatives like environmental impact assessments prior to construction activity. Only one seahorse species, which is restricted to three estuaries in South Africa, has had a range-wide ecological evaluation completed to yet. The majority of European seahorse research has been focused on a few tiny focal areas. Comment by Author: Biology is mixing in construction what a senseless Comment by Author: Zovalaoagy mixing
What of materials used in seahorse structure
The group chose glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) covering for the Seahorse Villas' construction because of its flexibility, according to Bolzoni. A "floating platform that curves to create a roof" is the goal for the villas. However, by incorporating ocean ownership into the title deed, the value of each house will skyrocket. "We wanted to mirror the beauty of the sea; we wanted to have the close interaction with water that a boat has, but with the luxury and comfort of a villa.""As a result of its vessel title, the structure can be moved at any moment, while the sea space is protected by its real estate title," says the author. Comment by Author: Why glass power came in this work I don’t know Comment by Author: What is this Comment by Author: What is this nonsense irrelevant to heading
Design model of seahorse structure
Comment by Author: Am asinking desing model not history and more over you already mentioned on top agin what is this
You may have heard of The World in Dubai, a global landmark consisting of 300 islands reclaimed from the water in the shape of a world map and home to an iconic collection of private and resort islands. The Heart of Europe, a cluster of six islands modelled after Europe, may be found within The World. The Floating Seahorse Villas, which are three-level luxury houseboats with the lowest levels submerged underwater, are located within that.
Comment by Author: Same as above comment
Kleindienst Group owns the cluster of six islands on The World project, which was designed to capture the true aesthetic and cultural riches of European cities. The Floating Seahorse, the world's first luxury underwater living experience with a view of the Arabian Gulf, is located in the heart of Europe. It is also home to the world's largest natural aquarium, The Floating Seahorse. The photographs below are real photos of the Floating Seahorse, not computer-generated representations that are often circulated on the internet.
BIM process of seahorse structure
We found that using technology, such as building information modelling (BIM) for various construction processes across all six islands on The Heart of Europe, as well as aerial photography and drones to define the exact layout of each area, was particularly helpful during the early stages of the project planning. The Floating Seahorses are linked to the heart-shaped island by specially designed pathways made of concrete and timber platforms. This ensures that the flooring is both durable and low-maintenance, as well as matching the island concept. We found that utilizing technology, such as BIM for various construction procedures on all six islands, was extremely beneficial. One of the most crucial parts of The Heart of Europe is ensuring the island's and its terrestrial and marine environments' long-term viability. The island provides a calm environment with 300m of coastline thanks to the perfect mixing of natural and man-made components. Comment by Author: Unnecessary data
Floating concept of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahorse at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015, which is essentially a boat and a submersible with no motor. It has three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck. The 'floating seahorse,' built by a team of architects and interior designers, offers four movable living / sleeping rooms to ensure an amazing trip experience. Each unit can also be adjusted to provide the utmost in seclusion by completely enclosing the outdoor areas on both the lower and upper levels. These outdoor spaces, when not covered, can be used for year-round alfresco entertaining. Comment by Author: Already mentioned this point on above again why you mentioned I don’t know
Clear explanation work with clear representation
"The Floating Seahorse is designed to be used on breakwaters.""It sank because it was placed out on the strong seas for which it was not constructed," he explained. So, how did it get there in the first place? According to Kleindienst Group, they had moved it there for a New Year's Eve party. It was used as the center stage for the party, providing lights, music, and DJs to surrounding yachts from which revelers viewed the New York fireworks. That night, nothing unusual occurred. It did, however, happen three days later. Fortunately, there were no passengers on board. "There was no one inside or near the house," stated Lt. Col. Ahmad Atiq Burqibah, Deputy Director of the Dubai Police's Search and Rescue Department. "We sped to the spot and arrived in eight minutes. “The waters were rough and the waves were 6 to 8 feet high,” he remembered. A model of a floating seahorse that keeled over while being brought to Europe's heartland. The Floating Seahorse, billed as the pinnacle of luxury and extravagance, is a crucial component of Kleindienst's The Heart of Europe development, a manufactured island on The World Islands, and some 4 km off Dubai's coast. The corporation has been pushing it heavily throughout the city's malls. The project has received rave reviews in major local and international newspapers on a regular basis. It was also filmed for the Discovery Channel's Impossible Builds series by a UK-based production company. Comment by Author: OMG what is this I read -2-3 times I what is this data and why it is related to this work
Comment by Author: This is not seahourse structure image
Model presentation of seahorse structure
Bolzoni goes on to highlight the unique problems of constructing such a large project offshore. "With time, we realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-sufficient as possible," he says, adding, "Of course, independent consultants are a tremendous resource when needed." For example, we have JK Bauen based here, as well as our own GRP team. Rather than hiring a specialist, we'd prefer to form our own team. Sure, there are some things we can't do, but we've honed our skills through time." Comment by Author: ?
Comment by Author: No use
Comment by Author: Not a sea hourese structure
Personal reflection for making thing project
We wanted to capture the beauty of the water, to have the close interaction with the water that a boat has, but with the elegance and comfort of a villa. "I usually conceive of weight sitting on top of the foundation, but weight behaves in a completely different way in this case." For any construction that is in water, I learned that symmetry and regular shapes are essential." According to Bolzoni, the weight distribution of the Seahorse Villas is "totally unbalanced.""A marble-covered bathroom may be in one corner of the villa, while the opposite corner could be quite vacant, adding very little weight to the overall construction." Given the underwater vistas offered by the Seahorse Villas, maintaining a healthy seascape is critical. "Our villas overlook an undersea realm, not a garden," he explains. "Instead of gardeners, we have a dive team and a marine biologist who look after everything around the Seahorse Villas." With time, we realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-sufficient as possible, relying on independent consultants as little as possible. Because of the project's unique and demanding requirements, the developer will need to hire an additional "250 staff every month" to meet the first phase's late 2019 completion deadline. The Floating Seahorse is an absolutely one-of-a-kind aquatic product. It's a private marine hideaway with its own plot in the Arabian Gulf (basically a boat without propulsion). It is an iconic and one-of-a-kind premium lifestyle product that was unveiled at the Dubai International Boat Show in March of 2015. The Signature Edition of The Floating Seahorse offers tremendous versatility with four exi-living and sleeping rooms, each of which may be customized to meet individual needs. By completely enclosing the outside areas at sea level and on the upper deck, the Floating Seahorse may be modified to provide the ultimate in solitude. The Floating Seahorse's Signature Edition is geared toward families and groups with children. The Floating Seahorse can be completely modified and tailored to fit your particular style and preferences. Each Floating Seahorse will be one-of-a-kind and unique, inspired by the genuine meaning of a signature. Comment by Author: I asked personal reflection with headings like Introduction Project info Definition of the Issue Project Summary Project Methodology Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria Stating the Plan and Approach Risk Analysis & Management Outing the Schedules Ending the Proposal You didn’t do that and What evere you wrore the data is not related to personal refelection of the project No use of this data
General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of construction materials and if proposed concrete and on alternative original material report
The aptly called "Floating Seahorse," a $2.8 million floating residence that arrived in the Heart of Europe earlier this year, was the first of its kind. They now plan to construct even larger mansions, with a price tag of $12 million. According to design firm Kleindienst Group, the $2.8 million Floating Seahorse is the culmination of over 5,000 hours of research and 13,000 hours of design and engineering. The cost of a single or numerous rooms in a Floating Seahorse Villa is between $10 million and $16.5 million. The cost of renting a room for one night can range from $10,000 to $25,000 per night.
Appendix
Appendix A
Appendix B
Company Profile, product image and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue, and contact information are all provided in the Global Floating Seahorse Market report. In addition, downstream demand analysis and upstream raw materials and instruments are provided. The market development trends and marketing channels for the Global Floating Seahorse are investigated. Finally, the viability of recent investment projects is evaluated, and the overall study conclusions are presented (BIM-based mobile augmented reality environment in facility management practices,” Facilities, vol. 34, no. 1/2, pp. 69–84, 2016.)
References
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Using the mentioned article data, if this type of concrete is used in the second-mentioned document what are the advantages that will be obtained explain the following things
1. Explanation of construction process and alternative use of proposed concrete in that construction
1.1 Introduction of seahorse structure
1.2 using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
1.3 advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
2. proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
2.1 construction procedure of seahorse structure
2.2 what of materials used in seahorse structure
2.3 design model of seahorse structure
2.4 BIM process of seahorse structure
2.5 Floating concept of seahorse structure
3. clear explanation work with clear representation
3.1 model presentation of seahorse structure
4. Personal reflection for making thing project
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Project info
4.3 Definition of the Issue
4.4 Project Summary
4.5 Project Methodology
4.6 Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria
4.7 Stating the Plan and Approach
4.8 Risk Analysis & Management
4.9 Outing the Schedules
4.10 Ending the Proposal
5. General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of construction materials and if proposed concrete and on alternative original material report
Like
Normal concrete is 5 pounds EPC Concrete is 2 pounds
Note:
1. Minimum of 20 references
2. Minimum of 3 appendices
3. Minimum of 4 png images
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564 2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Technology and Engineering.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik), skarifmark@gmail. com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)
Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete ba expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564
DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi Madhavi c
a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England b Department of Civil Engineering, K.L University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 17 November 2020 Available online xxxx
Keywords: Sulphate resisting cement Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Scanning electric microscopy (SEM) Physical & chemical properties
This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement reacts with polypropylene foam on low density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical resisting cement and physical properties of the low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete. Considering that this research involved chemical processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration besides the mechanical tests and experi- mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general, Low Density Light Weight Concrete has 300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low handling costs, with many advantages includ- ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement. Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water- cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between water and cement. Inadequate water can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance coatings which in turn weaken in solidity. This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low-density Light Weight Concrete based on
the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of general aggregates. Procedures which focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the concrete are involved. In addition, the research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these works is done by examining the concrete with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.
1. Introduction
There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The light weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position for consideration in the future construction industry since low density light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to 800 Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure con- struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently, to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and availability of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a
way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre- gates with different types of materials. The research mainly focuses on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with sul- phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal- anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper bonding between the water and cement.
In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on strength properties. This study can be conducted on the polypropy- lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such as Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.
1.1. Objectives and scopes
� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the sulphate resisting cement.
Science,
sed on
Table 1 Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS: 12330–1988
Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02 Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max 2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max C3S 52.14 . . . C2S 19.60 . . .
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi
� To Examine the Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates properties.
� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres. � To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density light weight concrete.
� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.
� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.
� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded polypropylene foam aggregates.
� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light weight aggregates.
2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete
The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early 19th century in the United States. In the construction industry, there are several benefits associated with low density light weight concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the dead load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal conductivity, low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low-density light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a char- acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.
3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement
Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions where the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to sul- phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or uncovered especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement con- tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably low value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts in sul- phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of Ca2+
ions with SO4 present in the Solution can be exhibited in gypsum. The tri-calcium aluminate reacts with sulphate ions in concrete
to form gypsum
C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H ! C3A.3CS.H32 The ettringite is reduced by the sulphate concentration which in
turn disintegrates the structure to nano sulphates”.
2C3A + C3A.3CS3H32 ! 3C3A.3CS.H12 It is necessary to understand how the Sulphate resisting cement
compounds influence the slow-density light weight concrete. At the same time, the Expanded Polypropylene foam aggregates react with Sulphate resisting cement affecting the binding nature of the cement molecules.
2
Expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates are in solid state, so the reaction of bogus compounds in cement is unique. When the
bogus compounds penetrate the inter-molecular matrix structure, they result to a strength increase property of the low-density light weight concrete. This is significant in comprehending the ingrained nature of low-density light weight concrete and how it influences various parameters of the concrete, which are made with the expanded polypropylene foam.
4. Systematic Examination of materials
In the preparation of low-density light weight concrete, Sul- phate resisting cement, Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates, Super plasticizer and Air Entraining Agents were applied.
The suggested methodology for the improvement of this inves- tigation is categorized in three primary phases. In the three pri- mary phases, there are several sub-functional components of works that include;
Phase 1: Chemical and Physical characterization of materials. Sub-component 1.1. Chemical and physical Examination of Sul-
phate Resisting Cement through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Visual Examination Processes by different tests.
Sub-Component 1.2. Examination of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates as per DIN EN 71–1/2/3 Test processes.
Sub-Component 1.3. Examination of Recron 3 s fibres material by some physical and optical tests.
Phase 2: Design and preparation of concrete. Phase 3: Study the Mechanical, Micro-structural, Durability
tests and NDT tests of the concrete. Sub-component 3.1. Examination of Mechanical properties of
concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength. Sub-component 3.2. Examination of Micro structural Analysis,
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).
Sub-Component 3.3. Examination of Durability test, pH value and water absorption tests.
4.1. The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement
The chemical structure of Sulphate Resisting Cement can be determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. By performing this test, it helps in sample chemical analysis by quantifying the emitted fluorescent X-ray from the morsel when it is generated from a fundamental source of X-ray. Moreover, every component has its unique nature when it reacts with other elements or pro- cesses. Likewise, the bogus compounds in sulphate resisting cement involved in XRF processes, shows the qualitative analysis of material composition. In order to find some other chemicals in cement, other tests are carried out [2] (Table 1).
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 3 Expanded Polypropylene Foam Physical Properties.
Properties Test Method Units Test Results
Moulded density — Kg/ 90
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.2. Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement
The physical examination can be done by standard test proce- dures of codebooks. And the requirements can be considered as per the standard codebook of IS: 12330–1988 (Table 2).
Table 2 Physical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Outcomes
Requirements of IS: 12330–1988
Standard Consistency Mm/% water content
6/29% . . .
Time Setting by Vicat Method a) Initial min 110 30 Min b) Final min 207 600 Min
Specific Cement Gravity . . . 3.15 3.0–3015 Cement Fineness M2/Kg 260 225 Min Soundness Test
a) Le-Chatliar Expansion
Mm Nil 10 Max
b) Auto-Clave Test % 0.02 0.80 Max Expansion of Sulphate % 0.0052 0.045 Max Compressive Strength 72 ± 1 h Mpa 31.2 10.0 Min 168 ± 2 h Mpa 42.6 16.0Min 672 ± 4 h Mpa 53.1 33.0 Min
m3
Thermal Conductivity at 10 �C DIN 52,612 W/ (m*K)
0.044
Compressive stress at 25% deformation DIN 53,421 kPa 650 Elongation at break DIN 53,571 % 11 Tensile Strength DIN 53,571 kPa 1150 Pressure deformation residual 22 h/RT/
24 h,25% deformation DIN53572/ ISO 185
% 9
Static load per Surface 5%/ 100d DIN 53,421 kPa 170 Specific Energy Absorption Iso 4651 kJ/m3 — Bump elasticity DIN 53,512 % — Squash Hardness DIN 53,577 kPa — C-Factor ISO 4651 1 — Surface Resistance: DIN/VDE
0303 a) Standard Types Respectively O � 1012 b) Standard Types Coated with
antistic agent DIN 60,093 O —
Dielectric Strength DIN VDE 0303
KV/ mm
—
23 �C /50% Relative Humidity Teil 21 Water Absorption at Saturation After 1 day DIN 53,428 Vol. % < 1 After 7 days Vol. % 1–2,5 Heat Resistance 9Test Period 3 Weeks) — oC �40 to
110
4.3. Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam
Expanded Polypropylene Foam components are made of expanded polypropylene particles with an almost closed cell struc- ture. These particles, delivered as bulk goods, are produced into different foam components with machines for processing particle foams. The range of standard type moulded density is from 20 to 120 kg/m3 [3]. Production and processing of the foam particles are without any emission of CFC. The standard results can be con- sidered by (DIN EN 56–1/2/3) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Expanded Polypropylene Foam.
4.3.1. Properties of expanded polypropylene foam Expanded Polypropylene Foam has multi-functional properties,
some of which are explained below:
� High Energy Absorption on Low weight. � Good resilience after static and dynamic stress. � Almost unaffected energy absorption after multi-impacts. � Isotropic deformation behaviours irrespective of impact’s direction.
� Low absorption of water. � Functional reliability over a wide temperature range (Table 3).
3
4.3.2. Chemical resistance To know the chemical resistance of the Expanded Polypropy-
lene Foam at Active Medium of EPP 50 g/l 14 days/ 22 �C as shown in the graph below
.
4.3.3. Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates In the preparation of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggre-
gates, dimensions of ‘‘Review Paper on Network Analysis and Syn- thesis of Deriving Point
Functions” 20*20*20 mm are considered. In making the aggre- gates, take the foam sheets and cut them on a mechanical machine with a marking of dimensions with a density of 18 kg/m3 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Dimensions of the Aggregates.
Table 5 Properties of Fine Aggregates.
Properties Units Results
Sieve Analysis Nature Zone-II Bulk Density Kg/m3 1600 Specific Gravity — 2.6 Moisture Content % 4.2 Silt Content % 2 Fine Modulus Nature Course Sand
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.4. Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre
Fibres of Recron 3S are engineered Micro Fibres contains a unique Triangular transaction, employed in Concrete Peripheral Augmentation. It supplements systemic steel in strengthening shrinkage resistance of the concrete, fissure and improvement of mechanical aspects like Split/Flexural Transverse and Tensile con- crete Strength alongside the wanted enhancement in impact and abrasion strength. The manufactured of Recron 3 s fibres happens in an ISO 9001:2000amenity for concrete use as a ‘‘secondary aug- mentation” at a dosage rate ranging from 0.1% � 0.4% and volume (0.9 kgs/ Cu.m to 3.60 kgs /Cu.M) [4,7]. Fibres conform to ASTM C 1116, type 111 Fibre Buttressed Concrete (Fig. 3) (Table 4).
Fig. 3. Recron 3S Fibre.
Table 4 The Recron 3S Properties.
Properties Units Adopting Materials Standards
Shape — Triangular — Cut Length Mm 12 3/ 4.8/ 6 /12/ 24 Effective Diameter Microns 22 20–40 Specific Gravity — 1.36 1.34–1.39 Melting Point Deg C 255 250–265 Tensile Strength Gpd 5 4–6 Elongation % 28 20–60 Young’s Modulus Mpa 4000 >5000 Alkaline Stability — Very Good 32 standards Acid Resistance Nature Excellent Standards
Fig. 4. Floating Phenomenon.
4.5. Properties of Fine aggregates
Natural sand with a specific size of sieves of retained sample is considered, with sieve sizes of 150m �600m. The properties of fine aggregates are illustrated in Table 5 below.
4
4.6. Chemicals
For the preparation of concrete, two types of chemicals are considered.
Chemical 1: Super plasticizer; used for water content reduction in concrete. The Super Plasticizer‘s has a 1.04 particular gravity is.
Chemical 2: Air Entraining Agent (AEA); it is a surface-active chemical which helps create small air bubbles on concrete and mix uniformly. The advantage of this agent is that, it increases the resistance of freezing and thawing, which results in increase in cohesion and less bleeding in concrete mix. In our case, the specific gravity of the A.E.A is 1.05.
5. Methodology
The research work was divided to two phases which are as follows.
First Phase: In this phase, the design mix was prepared with expanded polypropylene aggregates of 18 kg/m3density and 100% replacement of course aggregates. For getting high strength pur- pose, the material ratio of cement and water– (a/mc) of 0.32 was considered.
Second Phase: In this Phase, the design mix was prepared in the same way as First Phase but with addition of 1.1% / bag of cement.
5.1. Test sample preparation
The mix of concrete was prepared as per the design mix of first and second phases. For free test of compaction strength, the sam- ple tests of 15 cm � 15 cm � 15 cm, as established by IS:456:2000 was considered. The prepared cubes were exposed to a process of damp curing in liquid saturated water, at a 27 ± 2 �C room temper- ature for a period of 7 to 28 days in compaction strength. The pores volume and absorption of water tests were then conducted on the samples. At the same time, the preparation of the tensile strength test sample of 30 cm high and 15 cm of radius of test specimen is consider as per the IS:456–2000 (Fig. 4).
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
6. Experimentation
6.1. Mix Design
Explanation of Mix Design of two research works (Tables 6 and 7).
Table 7 Design Mix of low solidity concrete of light weight with addition of Recron 3S Fibre.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt) Recron 3S Fibre (kg)
358 300 12 125 2.5 3 3.93
Table 6 Design Mix of low-density light weight concrete.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt)
358 300 12 125 2.5 3
Table 9 Tensile Strength Test Results.
Sample Tensile strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)
Tensile strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
0.651 0.772
7. Results and discussions
In this part, explanation given to Mechanical, Durability, Micro- logical, and NDT tests were conducted. These tests were subdi- vided into different test forms.
Mechanical Tests: In this part, Split Tensile and compressive strength tests were conducted.
Durability Tests: Absorption of water, pH value and water pen- etration tests were performed in this segment.
Micrological Tests: In this area, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) were done.
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
0.786 0.95
7.1. Mechanical tests
7.1.1. Compressive strength test The test of Compaction strength was carried out after 7 and
28 days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions then testing was conducted. The test results were as presented on Table 8, for both types of research works [1].
Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Results.
Sample Mechanical strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)
Mechanical strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
7.62 8.72
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
8.54 10.31
Table 10 Water Absorption Test Results.
Sample Water Absorption in
The strength of compression of low-density lightweight con- crete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and with- out the inclusion of Recron 3S Fibre, gave best results with an average compressive strength of 7.62 Mpa after 7 days and 8.72 Mpa after 28 days without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 8.54 Mpa for 7 days and 10.31 Mpa after 28 days after adding Recron 3S fibre sample.
Percentage
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
5.2
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
4.5
7.1.2. Tensile strength test
The test of tensile strength was carried out after 7th and 28th days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions,
5
and then testing was conducted. The test results were presented on Table 9, for both research works [5].
The Tensile strength test was conducted on UTM of 60 tones capacity and a load intensity of 1KN/sec was applied to the speci- men but still ended up failing. The Tensile strength of low-density lightweight concrete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and without the adding Recron 3S Fibre, produced the best results with an average strength of compressive of 0.651 Mpa after 7th day and 0.772 Mpa after 28th day without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 0.786 Mpa for 7 days and 0.95 Mpa after 28th day shaving added Recron 3S fibre sample.
In both tensile and compressive strength, a characteristic of expanded polypropylene froth aggregates giving higher strength in the concrete of low density light weight was revealed.
7.2. Durability tests
7.2.1. Water absorption test This is a durability test employed to determine the amount of
water (percentage) that was absorbed in concrete using IS: 1124 (1974). In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, [10] the outcomes of the test are as presented [6] in Table 10 below:
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The water absorption test improved over time as the concrete was standard and crystals continued to grow.
7.2.2. PH value of concrete In general, concrete was prepared with different compositions
like, aggregates, cement and water in order to get strength and durability. Moreover, pH value of water also changed when pro- cessing was taking place. During the hydration of concrete, there was introduction of some concentration levels of either acids or bases present in the moisture of concrete (Table 11).
Fig. 6. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam.
Table 11 PH of Concrete Test Results.
Sample PH Value of Concrete
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
12.6
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
12.4
Normally, the pH of concrete lies between 12 and 13. The results of this research work were efficient and reliable.
7.2.3. Water penetration test This was conducted to check the durability property of concrete
as per the German standard DIN 1048 (Part 5) This result clearly showed that the concrete of low density light
weight has high strength, since the depth of penetration was too low and the durability of concrete was high [3,7] (Table 12).
Table 12 Water penetrations of Concrete Test Results.
Sample Maximum depth of Concrete (mm)
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates
8
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
9.2
7.3. Micrological tests
7.3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) The characteristics of low density light weight concrete can be
observed by the performance of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The per- formance of XRD analysis can be modified on XRD PAN analytical X-Part Pro MPD with a source of copper (Cu) with a frequency of CuKa=1:541862 A in 2h interval between 6� �60� with a 0.0200o scan step and the 30sec accrual time period. The goniometric with Mini Flex of 300/600, with a dirtier of SC-70, and the scan speed of 1000 deg/min, with a scan range of 3.000–90.000� [8] (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. XRD Process.
6
The diffract grams identification was carried out with the X-Part High Score data plus Software. With the low density light weight concrete of expanded polypropylene aggregates, it can be observed that, the maximum point reached in Fig. 6, was in between 20 deg and 30 deg.
The major component observed this analysis was Quartz 40%, and the minor component is lint site with 11% of occupancy. And the remaining chemical is calcite of 34% and the 15% of andradite.
Fig. 7. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with Recron 3Sandex- panded polypropylene Foam.
In Fig. 7 the maximum point can be seen in between 20�and 30�which explain the low density light weight concrete with Expanded Polypropylene Foam and Recron 3S fibre. The major component observed in this analysis was calcite 28%, and the minor component being Norsethite with 7% of occupancy. The remaining chemical is Mullite of 27% and the 22% of Quartz and 16% of Hanksite Fig. 8.
A
B
Fig. 8. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The composition of material was significant in getting the high strength. The results show how the low density light weight con- crete acquired that much strength.
C
Fig. 9. The low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam SEM Report.
7.3.2. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) SEM is a versatile power tool for material characterization. SEM
has become more useful and necessary due to the continuous decrease of the materials dimensions for copious application. SEM uses electron for imaging, just like light microscopes [6,9].
When doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size. The model of trans- mission line using Z-View Software
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Quartz (Fig. 9A) and Quartz and Calsite composites (Fig. 9B). The pure Quartz shows pure mor- phology. The size of pores represented in (Fig. 9 A, B, and C) range depending on distribution of uniform nature of concrete. The micro cracks were observed at 5 mm section with 1000 magnification range. The figures have less pores and this reduces water penetra- tion. Since the bonding between the molecules is high, it increases the compressive strength as well.
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Calcite (Fig. 10a) and the Mullite and Quartz (Fig. 10b). The immaculate Calcite illustrates a permeable morphology; its post-treatment efficiently filled the pores within the Recron 3S strands surface (Fig. 10b) thereby mak- ing calcite within the composite. Even though the impacts are not clear for moo calcite concentration (0.1 M) treatment, especially at the surface of Recron 3S strands, the higher concentrations effi- ciently created nanoparticles (Measure 5–100 nm) which were not as it was shaped (a lean Calisite over layer) on the surface but moreover filled the holes between adjoining MPNFs coming about and made strides filaments interconnectivity constituting the MPNF s. Additionally, the SEM high concentration images (0.5 M) appeared within the supporting data (Fig. 10c), which illus- trates the arrangement of extraordinary calcite on the electrode of MPNFs. The moved forward visible photo-anode film correlation upon Clacite post-processing is their cross-sectional apparent shape [2,10].
Even though the photo-anode’s fabric absorbency supports entrance of electrolyte and upgraded colour take-up, it increases strands-boundary thickness and decreases particle–particle inter- connectivity subsequently coming about in increased voltage transport opposition. Quartz was used as a channel of filling the voids in immaculate MPNFs (Fig. 10a) anticipated extending the photo anode’s film transport properties. The photo-anode’s cross- sectional view films illustrate the nearness of numerous pores in unadulterated Calcite MPNFs (Fig. 10b). The MPNFs held their holes morphology after glue making handle, which applies a mechanical tumult on the nanostructure.
7
8. Conclusion
The following inferences can be deduced basing on the current research work outcomes.
1. The expanded polypropylene foam has a high compressive strength when compared to other foam materials. So when mixed with bogus material, it increases the bond strength.
a
b
c
Fig. 10. SEM Report of the low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam and Recron3S.
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. The concrete compressive strength with 100 replacement of natural aggregate by Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggre- gates is 8.72 Mpa in a period of 28 days. And it gets more strength than the low density light weight concrete standards.
3. The compressive strength of expanded polypropylene aggre- gates with Recron3S fibre concrete is 10.31 Mpa in a period of 28 days and it gets twice stronger than the low density light weight concrete standards.
8
4. Both concretes exhibit the floating phenomenon. 5. The concrete splitting Tensile strength with 100 replace-
ment of natural aggregate with Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates is 0.772 Mpa within 28 days which is 8.85% of its compressive strength. This strength is consid- ered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
6. The splitting Tensile strength of expanded polypropylene aggregates with Recron3S fiber concrete is 0.95 Mpa in 28 days which is 9.21% of its compressive strength. This strength is considered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
7. Water absorption of both concretes is 5.2% and 4.5% which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
8. PH values of both concretes are 12.6 and 12.4 which is a sat- isfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
9. Water penetration test of both concretes is 8 mm and 9.2 mm which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
10. By doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes, Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size.
11. XRD analysis characterizes the crystalline phases of wide components in the concrete.
9. Availability of data
The facts that support this study’s outcomes are openly avail- able in authors names and the URL reference numbers.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
DaraEaswar karthik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Soft- ware, Data curation. Shaik Mohammad Arifullah: Visualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Yellinedi Madhavi: Supervi- sion, Software, Validation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
A significant support of this research was from the Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department, University of Northum- bria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Vignan’s LARA Institute of Technology & Science’s Department of Civil engineering, Vadla- mudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India also supported this study. In a special way we appreciate L.C.C Ready mix Concrete pvt. Ltd, NH-5, opp. Raintreepark, Namburu, Andhra Pradesh 522508.
References
[1] Ayhan, Mustafa, HaticeGönül, _Ismail AğaGönül, and AskeriKarakus�, 2011, Effect of basic pumice on morphologic properties of interfacial transition zone in load-bearing lightweight/semi-lightweight concretes. Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 5: 2507-2518.
[2] Dale P. Bentz, Influence of internal curing using lightweight aggregates on interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in mortars, Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (5) (2009) 285–289.
[3] K.M.A. Hossain, S. Ahmed, M. Lachemi, Lightweight concrete incorporating pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and durability characteristics, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (3) (2011) 1186–1195.
[4] Ismail, KamsiahMohd, MohamadShazliFathi, and N. Manaf, 2004, Study of lightweight concrete behaviour. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.
[5] Dara Easwar Karthik, PattelaMrudunayani, and S. V. V. K. Babu. Influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate resisting cement influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
resisting cement. In Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 347-352. 2019.
[6] Y. Ke, S. Ortola, A.L. Beaucour, H. Dumontet, Identification of microstructural characteristics in lightweight aggregate concretes by micromechanical modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)., Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (11) (2010) 1590–1600.
[7] Recron 3S FibersFor Concrete. , Reliance Industries Limited., http://www. royalmarketing.co.in/Recron3S-Product%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. Technical Information of expanded Polypropylene Foam., Ruch Nova Plast., Status : 08.2010. , www.ruch.de.
9
[8] P. Vargas, Oscar Restrepo-Baena, Jorge I. Tobón, Microstructural analysis of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and its impact on the compressive strength of lightweight concretes, Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (2017) 381–389.
[9] Paola Vargas, Natalia A. Marín, Jorge I. Tobon, Performance and microstructural analysis of lightweight concrete blended with nanosilica under sulfate attack, Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018).
[10] S.P. Zhang, L. Zong, Evaluation of relationship between water absorption and durability of concrete materials., Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014).
- Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives and scopes
- 2 Application of low-density lightweight concrete
- 3 Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement
- 4 Systematic Examination of materials
- 4.1 The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement
- 4.2 Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement
- 4.3 Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam
- 4.3.1 Properties of expanded polypropylene foam
- 4.3.2 Chemical resistance
- 4.3.3 Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates
- 4.4 Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre
- 4.5 Properties of Fine aggregates
- 4.6 Chemicals
- 5 Methodology
- 5.1 Test sample preparation
- 6 Experimentation
- 6.1 Mix Design
- 7 Results and discussions
- 7.1 Mechanical tests
- 7.1.1 Compressive strength test
- 7.1.2 Tensile strength test
- 7.2 Durability tests
- 7.2.1 Water absorption test
- 7.2.2 PH value of concrete
- 7.2.3 Water penetration test
- 7.3 Micrological tests
- 7.3.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
- 7.3.2 Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM)
- 8 Conclusion
- 9 Availability of data
- CRediT authorship contribution statement
- Declaration of Competing Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564 2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Technology and Engineering.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik), skarifmark@gmail. com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)
Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete ba expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564
DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi Madhavi c
a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England b Department of Civil Engineering, K.L University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 17 November 2020 Available online xxxx
Keywords: Sulphate resisting cement Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) Scanning electric microscopy (SEM) Physical & chemical properties
This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement reacts with polypropylene foam on low density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical resisting cement and physical properties of the low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete. Considering that this research involved chemical processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration besides the mechanical tests and experi- mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general, Low Density Light Weight Concrete has 300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low handling costs, with many advantages includ- ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement. Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water- cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between water and cement. Inadequate water can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance coatings which in turn weaken in solidity. This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low-density Light Weight Concrete based on
the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of general aggregates. Procedures which focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the concrete are involved. In addition, the research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these works is done by examining the concrete with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.
1. Introduction
There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The light weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position for consideration in the future construction industry since low density light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to 800 Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure con- struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently, to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and availability of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a
way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre- gates with different types of materials. The research mainly focuses on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with sul- phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal- anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper bonding between the water and cement.
In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on strength properties. This study can be conducted on the polypropy- lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such as Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.
1.1. Objectives and scopes
� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the sulphate resisting cement.
Science,
sed on
Table 1 Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS: 12330–1988
Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02 Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max 2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max C3S 52.14 . . . C2S 19.60 . . .
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi
� To Examine the Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates properties.
� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres. � To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density light weight concrete.
� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.
� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.
� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded polypropylene foam aggregates.
� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light weight aggregates.
2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete
The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early 19th century in the United States. In the construction industry, there are several benefits associated with low density light weight concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the dead load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal conductivity, low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low-density light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a char- acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.
3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement
Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions where the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to sul- phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or uncovered especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement con- tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably low value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts in sul- phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of Ca2+
ions with SO4 present in the Solution can be exhibited in gypsum. The tri-calcium aluminate reacts with sulphate ions in concrete
to form gypsum
C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H ! C3A.3CS.H32 The ettringite is reduced by the sulphate concentration which in
turn disintegrates the structure to nano sulphates”.
2C3A + C3A.3CS3H32 ! 3C3A.3CS.H12 It is necessary to understand how the Sulphate resisting cement
compounds influence the slow-density light weight concrete. At the same time, the Expanded Polypropylene foam aggregates react with Sulphate resisting cement affecting the binding nature of the cement molecules.
2
Expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates are in solid state, so the reaction of bogus compounds in cement is unique. When the
bogus compounds penetrate the inter-molecular matrix structure, they result to a strength increase property of the low-density light weight concrete. This is significant in comprehending the ingrained nature of low-density light weight concrete and how it influences various parameters of the concrete, which are made with the expanded polypropylene foam.
4. Systematic Examination of materials
In the preparation of low-density light weight concrete, Sul- phate resisting cement, Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates, Super plasticizer and Air Entraining Agents were applied.
The suggested methodology for the improvement of this inves- tigation is categorized in three primary phases. In the three pri- mary phases, there are several sub-functional components of works that include;
Phase 1: Chemical and Physical characterization of materials. Sub-component 1.1. Chemical and physical Examination of Sul-
phate Resisting Cement through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Visual Examination Processes by different tests.
Sub-Component 1.2. Examination of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggregates as per DIN EN 71–1/2/3 Test processes.
Sub-Component 1.3. Examination of Recron 3 s fibres material by some physical and optical tests.
Phase 2: Design and preparation of concrete. Phase 3: Study the Mechanical, Micro-structural, Durability
tests and NDT tests of the concrete. Sub-component 3.1. Examination of Mechanical properties of
concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength. Sub-component 3.2. Examination of Micro structural Analysis,
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).
Sub-Component 3.3. Examination of Durability test, pH value and water absorption tests.
4.1. The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement
The chemical structure of Sulphate Resisting Cement can be determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. By performing this test, it helps in sample chemical analysis by quantifying the emitted fluorescent X-ray from the morsel when it is generated from a fundamental source of X-ray. Moreover, every component has its unique nature when it reacts with other elements or pro- cesses. Likewise, the bogus compounds in sulphate resisting cement involved in XRF processes, shows the qualitative analysis of material composition. In order to find some other chemicals in cement, other tests are carried out [2] (Table 1).
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 3 Expanded Polypropylene Foam Physical Properties.
Properties Test Method Units Test Results
Moulded density — Kg/ 90
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.2. Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement
The physical examination can be done by standard test proce- dures of codebooks. And the requirements can be considered as per the standard codebook of IS: 12330–1988 (Table 2).
Table 2 Physical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Outcomes
Requirements of IS: 12330–1988
Standard Consistency Mm/% water content
6/29% . . .
Time Setting by Vicat Method a) Initial min 110 30 Min b) Final min 207 600 Min
Specific Cement Gravity . . . 3.15 3.0–3015 Cement Fineness M2/Kg 260 225 Min Soundness Test
a) Le-Chatliar Expansion
Mm Nil 10 Max
b) Auto-Clave Test % 0.02 0.80 Max Expansion of Sulphate % 0.0052 0.045 Max Compressive Strength 72 ± 1 h Mpa 31.2 10.0 Min 168 ± 2 h Mpa 42.6 16.0Min 672 ± 4 h Mpa 53.1 33.0 Min
m3
Thermal Conductivity at 10 �C DIN 52,612 W/ (m*K)
0.044
Compressive stress at 25% deformation DIN 53,421 kPa 650 Elongation at break DIN 53,571 % 11 Tensile Strength DIN 53,571 kPa 1150 Pressure deformation residual 22 h/RT/
24 h,25% deformation DIN53572/ ISO 185
% 9
Static load per Surface 5%/ 100d DIN 53,421 kPa 170 Specific Energy Absorption Iso 4651 kJ/m3 — Bump elasticity DIN 53,512 % — Squash Hardness DIN 53,577 kPa — C-Factor ISO 4651 1 — Surface Resistance: DIN/VDE
0303 a) Standard Types Respectively O � 1012 b) Standard Types Coated with
antistic agent DIN 60,093 O —
Dielectric Strength DIN VDE 0303
KV/ mm
—
23 �C /50% Relative Humidity Teil 21 Water Absorption at Saturation After 1 day DIN 53,428 Vol. % < 1 After 7 days Vol. % 1–2,5 Heat Resistance 9Test Period 3 Weeks) — oC �40 to
110
4.3. Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam
Expanded Polypropylene Foam components are made of expanded polypropylene particles with an almost closed cell struc- ture. These particles, delivered as bulk goods, are produced into different foam components with machines for processing particle foams. The range of standard type moulded density is from 20 to 120 kg/m3 [3]. Production and processing of the foam particles are without any emission of CFC. The standard results can be con- sidered by (DIN EN 56–1/2/3) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Expanded Polypropylene Foam.
4.3.1. Properties of expanded polypropylene foam Expanded Polypropylene Foam has multi-functional properties,
some of which are explained below:
� High Energy Absorption on Low weight. � Good resilience after static and dynamic stress. � Almost unaffected energy absorption after multi-impacts. � Isotropic deformation behaviours irrespective of impact’s direction.
� Low absorption of water. � Functional reliability over a wide temperature range (Table 3).
3
4.3.2. Chemical resistance To know the chemical resistance of the Expanded Polypropy-
lene Foam at Active Medium of EPP 50 g/l 14 days/ 22 �C as shown in the graph below
.
4.3.3. Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates In the preparation of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggre-
gates, dimensions of ‘‘Review Paper on Network Analysis and Syn- thesis of Deriving Point
Functions” 20*20*20 mm are considered. In making the aggre- gates, take the foam sheets and cut them on a mechanical machine with a marking of dimensions with a density of 18 kg/m3 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Dimensions of the Aggregates.
Table 5 Properties of Fine Aggregates.
Properties Units Results
Sieve Analysis Nature Zone-II Bulk Density Kg/m3 1600 Specific Gravity — 2.6 Moisture Content % 4.2 Silt Content % 2 Fine Modulus Nature Course Sand
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.4. Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre
Fibres of Recron 3S are engineered Micro Fibres contains a unique Triangular transaction, employed in Concrete Peripheral Augmentation. It supplements systemic steel in strengthening shrinkage resistance of the concrete, fissure and improvement of mechanical aspects like Split/Flexural Transverse and Tensile con- crete Strength alongside the wanted enhancement in impact and abrasion strength. The manufactured of Recron 3 s fibres happens in an ISO 9001:2000amenity for concrete use as a ‘‘secondary aug- mentation” at a dosage rate ranging from 0.1% � 0.4% and volume (0.9 kgs/ Cu.m to 3.60 kgs /Cu.M) [4,7]. Fibres conform to ASTM C 1116, type 111 Fibre Buttressed Concrete (Fig. 3) (Table 4).
Fig. 3. Recron 3S Fibre.
Table 4 The Recron 3S Properties.
Properties Units Adopting Materials Standards
Shape — Triangular — Cut Length Mm 12 3/ 4.8/ 6 /12/ 24 Effective Diameter Microns 22 20–40 Specific Gravity — 1.36 1.34–1.39 Melting Point Deg C 255 250–265 Tensile Strength Gpd 5 4–6 Elongation % 28 20–60 Young’s Modulus Mpa 4000 >5000 Alkaline Stability — Very Good 32 standards Acid Resistance Nature Excellent Standards
Fig. 4. Floating Phenomenon.
4.5. Properties of Fine aggregates
Natural sand with a specific size of sieves of retained sample is considered, with sieve sizes of 150m �600m. The properties of fine aggregates are illustrated in Table 5 below.
4
4.6. Chemicals
For the preparation of concrete, two types of chemicals are considered.
Chemical 1: Super plasticizer; used for water content reduction in concrete. The Super Plasticizer‘s has a 1.04 particular gravity is.
Chemical 2: Air Entraining Agent (AEA); it is a surface-active chemical which helps create small air bubbles on concrete and mix uniformly. The advantage of this agent is that, it increases the resistance of freezing and thawing, which results in increase in cohesion and less bleeding in concrete mix. In our case, the specific gravity of the A.E.A is 1.05.
5. Methodology
The research work was divided to two phases which are as follows.
First Phase: In this phase, the design mix was prepared with expanded polypropylene aggregates of 18 kg/m3density and 100% replacement of course aggregates. For getting high strength pur- pose, the material ratio of cement and water– (a/mc) of 0.32 was considered.
Second Phase: In this Phase, the design mix was prepared in the same way as First Phase but with addition of 1.1% / bag of cement.
5.1. Test sample preparation
The mix of concrete was prepared as per the design mix of first and second phases. For free test of compaction strength, the sam- ple tests of 15 cm � 15 cm � 15 cm, as established by IS:456:2000 was considered. The prepared cubes were exposed to a process of damp curing in liquid saturated water, at a 27 ± 2 �C room temper- ature for a period of 7 to 28 days in compaction strength. The pores volume and absorption of water tests were then conducted on the samples. At the same time, the preparation of the tensile strength test sample of 30 cm high and 15 cm of radius of test specimen is consider as per the IS:456–2000 (Fig. 4).
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
6. Experimentation
6.1. Mix Design
Explanation of Mix Design of two research works (Tables 6 and 7).
Table 7 Design Mix of low solidity concrete of light weight with addition of Recron 3S Fibre.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt) Recron 3S Fibre (kg)
358 300 12 125 2.5 3 3.93
Table 6 Design Mix of low-density light weight concrete.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates (kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt)
358 300 12 125 2.5 3
Table 9 Tensile Strength Test Results.
Sample Tensile strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)
Tensile strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
0.651 0.772
7. Results and discussions
In this part, explanation given to Mechanical, Durability, Micro- logical, and NDT tests were conducted. These tests were subdi- vided into different test forms.
Mechanical Tests: In this part, Split Tensile and compressive strength tests were conducted.
Durability Tests: Absorption of water, pH value and water pen- etration tests were performed in this segment.
Micrological Tests: In this area, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) were done.
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
0.786 0.95
7.1. Mechanical tests
7.1.1. Compressive strength test The test of Compaction strength was carried out after 7 and
28 days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions then testing was conducted. The test results were as presented on Table 8, for both types of research works [1].
Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Results.
Sample Mechanical strength Test after 7 days (Mpa)
Mechanical strength Test after 28 days (Mpa)
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
7.62 8.72
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
8.54 10.31
Table 10 Water Absorption Test Results.
Sample Water Absorption in
The strength of compression of low-density lightweight con- crete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and with- out the inclusion of Recron 3S Fibre, gave best results with an average compressive strength of 7.62 Mpa after 7 days and 8.72 Mpa after 28 days without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 8.54 Mpa for 7 days and 10.31 Mpa after 28 days after adding Recron 3S fibre sample.
Percentage
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
5.2
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
4.5
7.1.2. Tensile strength test
The test of tensile strength was carried out after 7th and 28th days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions,
5
and then testing was conducted. The test results were presented on Table 9, for both research works [5].
The Tensile strength test was conducted on UTM of 60 tones capacity and a load intensity of 1KN/sec was applied to the speci- men but still ended up failing. The Tensile strength of low-density lightweight concrete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and without the adding Recron 3S Fibre, produced the best results with an average strength of compressive of 0.651 Mpa after 7th day and 0.772 Mpa after 28th day without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and 0.786 Mpa for 7 days and 0.95 Mpa after 28th day shaving added Recron 3S fibre sample.
In both tensile and compressive strength, a characteristic of expanded polypropylene froth aggregates giving higher strength in the concrete of low density light weight was revealed.
7.2. Durability tests
7.2.1. Water absorption test This is a durability test employed to determine the amount of
water (percentage) that was absorbed in concrete using IS: 1124 (1974). In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, [10] the outcomes of the test are as presented [6] in Table 10 below:
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The water absorption test improved over time as the concrete was standard and crystals continued to grow.
7.2.2. PH value of concrete In general, concrete was prepared with different compositions
like, aggregates, cement and water in order to get strength and durability. Moreover, pH value of water also changed when pro- cessing was taking place. During the hydration of concrete, there was introduction of some concentration levels of either acids or bases present in the moisture of concrete (Table 11).
Fig. 6. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam.
Table 11 PH of Concrete Test Results.
Sample PH Value of Concrete
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates
12.6
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
12.4
Normally, the pH of concrete lies between 12 and 13. The results of this research work were efficient and reliable.
7.2.3. Water penetration test This was conducted to check the durability property of concrete
as per the German standard DIN 1048 (Part 5) This result clearly showed that the concrete of low density light
weight has high strength, since the depth of penetration was too low and the durability of concrete was high [3,7] (Table 12).
Table 12 Water penetrations of Concrete Test Results.
Sample Maximum depth of Concrete (mm)
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates
8
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre
9.2
7.3. Micrological tests
7.3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) The characteristics of low density light weight concrete can be
observed by the performance of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The per- formance of XRD analysis can be modified on XRD PAN analytical X-Part Pro MPD with a source of copper (Cu) with a frequency of CuKa=1:541862 A in 2h interval between 6� �60� with a 0.0200o scan step and the 30sec accrual time period. The goniometric with Mini Flex of 300/600, with a dirtier of SC-70, and the scan speed of 1000 deg/min, with a scan range of 3.000–90.000� [8] (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. XRD Process.
6
The diffract grams identification was carried out with the X-Part High Score data plus Software. With the low density light weight concrete of expanded polypropylene aggregates, it can be observed that, the maximum point reached in Fig. 6, was in between 20 deg and 30 deg.
The major component observed this analysis was Quartz 40%, and the minor component is lint site with 11% of occupancy. And the remaining chemical is calcite of 34% and the 15% of andradite.
Fig. 7. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with Recron 3Sandex- panded polypropylene Foam.
In Fig. 7 the maximum point can be seen in between 20�and 30�which explain the low density light weight concrete with Expanded Polypropylene Foam and Recron 3S fibre. The major component observed in this analysis was calcite 28%, and the minor component being Norsethite with 7% of occupancy. The remaining chemical is Mullite of 27% and the 22% of Quartz and 16% of Hanksite Fig. 8.
A
B
Fig. 8. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
The composition of material was significant in getting the high strength. The results show how the low density light weight con- crete acquired that much strength.
C
Fig. 9. The low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam SEM Report.
7.3.2. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) SEM is a versatile power tool for material characterization. SEM
has become more useful and necessary due to the continuous decrease of the materials dimensions for copious application. SEM uses electron for imaging, just like light microscopes [6,9].
When doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size. The model of trans- mission line using Z-View Software
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Quartz (Fig. 9A) and Quartz and Calsite composites (Fig. 9B). The pure Quartz shows pure mor- phology. The size of pores represented in (Fig. 9 A, B, and C) range depending on distribution of uniform nature of concrete. The micro cracks were observed at 5 mm section with 1000 magnification range. The figures have less pores and this reduces water penetra- tion. Since the bonding between the molecules is high, it increases the compressive strength as well.
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Calcite (Fig. 10a) and the Mullite and Quartz (Fig. 10b). The immaculate Calcite illustrates a permeable morphology; its post-treatment efficiently filled the pores within the Recron 3S strands surface (Fig. 10b) thereby mak- ing calcite within the composite. Even though the impacts are not clear for moo calcite concentration (0.1 M) treatment, especially at the surface of Recron 3S strands, the higher concentrations effi- ciently created nanoparticles (Measure 5–100 nm) which were not as it was shaped (a lean Calisite over layer) on the surface but moreover filled the holes between adjoining MPNFs coming about and made strides filaments interconnectivity constituting the MPNF s. Additionally, the SEM high concentration images (0.5 M) appeared within the supporting data (Fig. 10c), which illus- trates the arrangement of extraordinary calcite on the electrode of MPNFs. The moved forward visible photo-anode film correlation upon Clacite post-processing is their cross-sectional apparent shape [2,10].
Even though the photo-anode’s fabric absorbency supports entrance of electrolyte and upgraded colour take-up, it increases strands-boundary thickness and decreases particle–particle inter- connectivity subsequently coming about in increased voltage transport opposition. Quartz was used as a channel of filling the voids in immaculate MPNFs (Fig. 10a) anticipated extending the photo anode’s film transport properties. The photo-anode’s cross- sectional view films illustrate the nearness of numerous pores in unadulterated Calcite MPNFs (Fig. 10b). The MPNFs held their holes morphology after glue making handle, which applies a mechanical tumult on the nanostructure.
7
8. Conclusion
The following inferences can be deduced basing on the current research work outcomes.
1. The expanded polypropylene foam has a high compressive strength when compared to other foam materials. So when mixed with bogus material, it increases the bond strength.
a
b
c
Fig. 10. SEM Report of the low-density light weight concrete with expanded polypropylene Foam and Recron3S.
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. The concrete compressive strength with 100 replacement of natural aggregate by Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggre- gates is 8.72 Mpa in a period of 28 days. And it gets more strength than the low density light weight concrete standards.
3. The compressive strength of expanded polypropylene aggre- gates with Recron3S fibre concrete is 10.31 Mpa in a period of 28 days and it gets twice stronger than the low density light weight concrete standards.
8
4. Both concretes exhibit the floating phenomenon. 5. The concrete splitting Tensile strength with 100 replace-
ment of natural aggregate with Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates is 0.772 Mpa within 28 days which is 8.85% of its compressive strength. This strength is consid- ered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
6. The splitting Tensile strength of expanded polypropylene aggregates with Recron3S fiber concrete is 0.95 Mpa in 28 days which is 9.21% of its compressive strength. This strength is considered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
7. Water absorption of both concretes is 5.2% and 4.5% which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
8. PH values of both concretes are 12.6 and 12.4 which is a sat- isfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
9. Water penetration test of both concretes is 8 mm and 9.2 mm which is a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
10. By doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes, Morphological studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size.
11. XRD analysis characterizes the crystalline phases of wide components in the concrete.
9. Availability of data
The facts that support this study’s outcomes are openly avail- able in authors names and the URL reference numbers.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
DaraEaswar karthik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Soft- ware, Data curation. Shaik Mohammad Arifullah: Visualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Yellinedi Madhavi: Supervi- sion, Software, Validation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
A significant support of this research was from the Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department, University of Northum- bria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Vignan’s LARA Institute of Technology & Science’s Department of Civil engineering, Vadla- mudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India also supported this study. In a special way we appreciate L.C.C Ready mix Concrete pvt. Ltd, NH-5, opp. Raintreepark, Namburu, Andhra Pradesh 522508.
References
[1] Ayhan, Mustafa, HaticeGönül, _Ismail AğaGönül, and AskeriKarakus�, 2011, Effect of basic pumice on morphologic properties of interfacial transition zone in load-bearing lightweight/semi-lightweight concretes. Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 5: 2507-2518.
[2] Dale P. Bentz, Influence of internal curing using lightweight aggregates on interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in mortars, Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (5) (2009) 285–289.
[3] K.M.A. Hossain, S. Ahmed, M. Lachemi, Lightweight concrete incorporating pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and durability characteristics, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (3) (2011) 1186–1195.
[4] Ismail, KamsiahMohd, MohamadShazliFathi, and N. Manaf, 2004, Study of lightweight concrete behaviour. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.
[5] Dara Easwar Karthik, PattelaMrudunayani, and S. V. V. K. Babu. Influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate resisting cement influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate
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resisting cement. In Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 347-352. 2019.
[6] Y. Ke, S. Ortola, A.L. Beaucour, H. Dumontet, Identification of microstructural characteristics in lightweight aggregate concretes by micromechanical modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)., Cem. Concr. Res. 40 (11) (2010) 1590–1600.
[7] Recron 3S FibersFor Concrete. , Reliance Industries Limited., http://www. royalmarketing.co.in/Recron3S-Product%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. Technical Information of expanded Polypropylene Foam., Ruch Nova Plast., Status : 08.2010. , www.ruch.de.
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[8] P. Vargas, Oscar Restrepo-Baena, Jorge I. Tobón, Microstructural analysis of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and its impact on the compressive strength of lightweight concretes, Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (2017) 381–389.
[9] Paola Vargas, Natalia A. Marín, Jorge I. Tobon, Performance and microstructural analysis of lightweight concrete blended with nanosilica under sulfate attack, Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018).
[10] S.P. Zhang, L. Zong, Evaluation of relationship between water absorption and durability of concrete materials., Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014).
- Micro structural examination of low-density light weight concrete based on expanded polypropylene foam
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives and scopes
- 2 Application of low-density lightweight concrete
- 3 Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with sulphate resisting cement
- 4 Systematic Examination of materials
- 4.1 The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement
- 4.2 Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement
- 4.3 Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam
- 4.3.1 Properties of expanded polypropylene foam
- 4.3.2 Chemical resistance
- 4.3.3 Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates
- 4.4 Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre
- 4.5 Properties of Fine aggregates
- 4.6 Chemicals
- 5 Methodology
- 5.1 Test sample preparation
- 6 Experimentation
- 6.1 Mix Design
- 7 Results and discussions
- 7.1 Mechanical tests
- 7.1.1 Compressive strength test
- 7.1.2 Tensile strength test
- 7.2 Durability tests
- 7.2.1 Water absorption test
- 7.2.2 PH value of concrete
- 7.2.3 Water penetration test
- 7.3 Micrological tests
- 7.3.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
- 7.3.2 Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM)
- 8 Conclusion
- 9 Availability of data
- CRediT authorship contribution statement
- Declaration of Competing Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References

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