Literature_Evaluation_TableSummary_of_Clinical_Issue_200-250

Literature Evaluation Table

Summary of Clinical Issue (200-250 words): Administering medication is one of the duties of nurses. Medication in the clinical setting is one of the major problems threatening the safety of patients and this can hugely affect morbidity and mortality rates. Medication errors occur most often than realized. They can occur at any phase of the process of medication. Medication errors occur most often than realized. Medication errors occur due to many reasons, some of which include; the prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, monitoring and reporting processes. Many factors can affect the reason behind medication errors, some of which include burnout, fatigue, little work experience, being short -staffed, and an inconducive work environment. Nurses are at the forefront of medication errors because they administer medication. So, even if the physician prescribed the wrong medication or the wrong dose, the nurse is expected to catch that error and rectify it. The effects of medication errors are huge ranging from physical injuries to death. On top of this, they increase the financial burden on health care settings, cause emotional stress on the patient and family and that of health care professionals involved in the medication error. Nurses are always expected to mouthpiece or advocate of the patient by being very vigilant and reporting any medication error if they see one. One of the solutions to fixing the issue of medication errors is for the nurse to report a medication error as soon as committed or caught so that corrective measures can be put in place to prevent this type of error from happening again. But the question of how easy the workplace makes it for nurses to report medication errors is questionable. Many nurses are “put to shame” when they report medication errors rather than being applauded for doing the right thing. This definitely prevents some nurses from reporting medication errors on a timely manner or even reporting it at all.

PICOT Question: Does the workplace make it easy for nurses to report medication errors and in a timely manner?

Criteria	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink	Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 11(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-11-20	Elder, N. C., Brungs, S. M., Nagy, M., Kudel, I., & Render, M. L. (2016). Nurses' perceptions of error communication and reporting in the intensive care unit. Journal of Patient Safety, 4(3), 162-168. doi: 10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181839b48	Alqubaisi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioral determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72(7), 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2054-9
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question?	It is related to PICOT because it tries to how to explain the barriers to reporting medication error, therefore, they have a challenge of reporting medication errors to relevant authorities	It explains how the nurses are thorn between telling each other the truth when one makes a mistake or just keep quiet and watch, or report the matter to the authorities.	It is related to PICOT since it tries to understand the behavioral patterns of nurses of how they are going to report medication errors.
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)	It is qualitative research because it assesses the reaction of the nurses towards medication errors.	It is a qualitative research because the nurses were determined to report the cases to the relevant authorities.	It is a qualitative study because it assesses the nurse’s behavior towards reporting the medication error.
Purpose statement	The reason for this study is to identify the obstacles that prevent them from reportage medication errors.	To formulate a pattern of communication in case medication errors have occurred in the intensive care unit.	The chief indication for this paper is to comprehend the nurse’s pattern behavior in reporting the incidents.
Research Question	To determine the barriers that prevents them from reporting medication errors.	To determine if reporting daily incidences in the ICU by the nurses will reduce cases of medical errors	To determine the attitude of nurses towards reporting medication errors.
Outcome	The nurses encountered barriers that hindered them from reporting the incidences.	The study shows that the nurses were able to come up with a good way of communication such that in case of challenges the nurses will know the exact thing to do in such a scenario.	The study shows that the patient’s safety and the health facility depend of behavioral determinants on reporting.
Setting (where did the study take place?)	Medical-surgical ward	Intensive Care Unit	Medical-surgical hospital
Sample	34 nurses	92 nurses of 4 different hospitals	10 nurses participated
Methods	Self- questionnaires were administered.	Administer the questionnaires.	Face-face interview, semi-structured interview
Key Findings of the Researcher	Fear and administrative barriers were on the top list that prevented them from reporting.	The nurses were reluctant to disclose their medical errors but instead, he or she had better disclosed the witnessed error to their authorities	The nurses feared to reporting medication errors since they feel like they have to protect their career and reputation.
Recommendations of the Researcher	The relevant authorities should develop a friendship with the students, thus improving the patient’s safety.	I would recommend that the relevant authorities should educate their nurses on the importance of reporting such incidences.	The negative behavioral determinants can be used to bring change in a facility thus improving patient’s safety.

Criteria	Article 4	Article 5	Article 6
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink	BRADY, A. M., MALONE, A. M., & Fleming, S. (2017). A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of nursing management, 17(6), 679-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2017.00995.x	Pronovost, P., Weast, B., Schwarz, M., Wyskiel, R. M., Prow, D., Milanovich, S. N., & Lipsett, P. (2016). Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors. Journal of critical care, 18(4), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.001	Montesi, G., & Lechi, A. (2019). Prevention of medication errors: detection and audit. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 67(6), 651. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2019.03422.x
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question	It tries to explain the nurses’ managers implement the policies that will help to reduce the causes of these errors such as reportage at international level and, thus making an audit of the nursing practice. It helps to educate the nurses on how medication errors can harm the patient and the nurse herself; therefore, one must be careful not to make such mistakes.	It describes how the nurses can use data surveys such as carrying survey on discharges and admission in that the drugs that are wrongly prescribed by the physician will be changed as soon as possible.	It explains how the nurses can reduce medication errors by use of self-reporting and voluntary reporting of self.
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)	It is quantitative research because the outcome can be measured.	Quantitative.It evaluates using numbers and the results are measurable.	It is a quantitative study because the results are recorded in numbers and measurable.
Purpose Statement	Reporting incidences of medication errors by the nurses will act as a form off training to the nurses as preventive measures of future occurrence	The purpose of this study will help reduce the incidence of medication errors by following up on drugs orders with the first 24 hours.	The medication errors will be corrected through warning, direct observation and help to promote the safe practice of medication admiration such as the use of five rights.
Research Question	To determine if nursing management nurses will be sufficient for correcting medication errors.	To determine if data survey on admission and discharges reduce cases of these errors.	Assess the effects of self –reporting and voluntarily reporting
Outcome	The nursing audit shows that most of the nurses make errors but they are afraid of perception of other nurses	The study shows cancellation of the orders on drugs on admission and discharges within the first 24 hours reduces the cases of medication errors.	Some of the nurses were afraid of reporting the incidences to the relevant authorizes while few of them admitted and were ready to share their experiences.
Setting (where did the research take place?)	The study was done to all the units in charges	Intensive care unit	Medical-surgical unit
Sample	92 unit nurses were subjected to a test.	Home medication, medical anesthesia records and allergies were reviewed.	All the medical unit nurses participated in the study.
Method	Questionnaires and interviews were used	Data analyzing of medical anesthesia, home medication and allergies report.	Report systems, direct observation
The key finding of the researcher	The nurses were overworked, fear of losing their job in case they report such incidences and lack of motivation among the staff	The medication errors which were found in drug orders were corrected before the end of 24 hours.	Some of the nurses were afraid of reporting the incidences to the relevant authorizes while few of them admitted and were ready to share their experiences.
Recommendations of the Researcher	I would recommend that each nurse who advocates of the patients by taking in the prevention of medication errors through reporting of such cases.	I would recommend that should continue with the same spirit of championing in the eradication of such errors.	The nurses should always practice nursing audit on medication and practice the reporting of medication errors.

References

Elder, N. C., Brungs, S. M., Nagy, M., Kudel, I., & Render, M. L. (2016). Nurses' perceptions of error communication and reporting in the intensive care unit. Journal of Patient Safety, 4(3), 162-168. Doi: 10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181839b48

Alqubaisi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioral determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72(7), 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2054-9

Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 11(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-11-20

BRADY, A. M., MALONE, A. M., & Fleming, S. (2017). A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of nursing management, 17(6), 679-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2017.00995.x

Pronovost, P., Weast, B., Schwarz, M., Wyskiel, R. M., Prow, D., Milanovich, S. N., & Lipsett, P. (2016). Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors. Journal of critical care, 18(4), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.001

Montesi, G., & Lechi, A. (2019). Prevention of medication errors: detection and audit. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 67(6), 651. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2019.03422.x

Tang, F. I., Sheu, S. J., Yu, S., Wei, I. L., & Chen, C. H. (2017). Nurses relate the contributing factors involved in medication errors. Journal of clinical nursing, 16(3), 447-457

Research Critique Guidelines – Part I

Use this document to organize your essay. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale, include examples, and reference content from the studies in your responses.

Qualitative Studies

Background of Study

1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.

How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?

1. Discuss how these two articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.

2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.

Method of Study:

1. State the methods of the two articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.

2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.

Results of Study

1. Summarize the key findings of each study in one or two comprehensive paragraphs.

2. What are the implications of the two studies in nursing practice?

Ethical Considerations

1. Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research.

2. Describe how the researchers in the two articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.

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