INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND THE GROWTH OF CHICAGO 5

Infrastructure Development and the Growth of Chicago

05/11/2018

Infrastructure Development and the Growth of Chicago

Transport infrastructure is a sign of growth and development of a town or city. Chicago is such city that focused on transport infrastructure to ensure the growth of the city. Before transport infrastructure improvement, Judge Jesse B. Thomas complained that Chicago was “merely the center of local retail trade of a few hundred miles of extent” (Cronon, 2009, p.63). The government through it planners and other professionals speculated that the provision of proper infrastructure would improve economic growth and break the banks guarding economic hinterland of Chicago. The canal was the first attempt to build artificial corridors connecting Chicago to Illinois. The canal became busy, and farmers opted for water transport rather than using the muddy roads. Chicago thrived because the farmers bought more urban manufactured goods and brought corn to the city. Soon, the railroads were developed and took over the canals and barges, increasing the development of the city in many ways. The newer modes of transport helped Chicago grow not only in the catchment area but also its infrastructure, the flow of goods and urban metabolism. Comment by Teacher: Repetitive Comment by Teacher: Repetitive Comment by Teacher: This sentence is confusing Comment by Teacher: What ways? Avoid vague statements Comment by Teacher: You should define this. Urban metabolism is essentially the study of the flow of materials and energy flow

In 1936, the state government contracted a company that started the construction of the Chicago-Galena railroad. Galena was the center of the northwest Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin lead mining district. The railroad would go deeper into the hinterlands compared to the Illinois canal. The distances that the farmers would move their produce to get to the transport corridor would reduce. Compared to earlier modes of transport like the oxen, horses and human transport, the railroads used fuel, which moved faster and over longer distances. Because the government was unsure of the “speculative” project, businessmen financed the project with support from the rural and small-town communities along the line (Cronon, 2009, 66). During the construction of the railroad project, there was an assumption that Chicago was where the users of the railroad wanted to end their trip. The assumption was not according to nature, but the investors of the project who proclaimed the assumption. The results that the project brought were unimaginable and spurred the town to unforeseen growth. Comment by Teacher: Then it wasn’t an assumption… the investors purposefully made Chicago the end or “hub” station Comment by Teacher: What were the results? This would have added stronger evidence to your argument

The railroad quickly achieved the speculative goals. Soon the Chicagoans realized that the supply of wheat to the town grown drastically. By the beginning of 1850, a system of rails was expanding over Galena, serving Elgin, forty miles west of Chicago. Two years later the rails reached Rockford, and the western terminus is Freeport an extra year later. Branch rails were constructed to increase the access between Chicago and the agricultural fields to the northwest. Chicago had grown its system of rails and all the roads led to Chicago from all over the already expanded hinterlands. By 1860, Chicago had imposed to itself a new geographical superiority over the region because of the grown coverage of the rails. The rise of railroads allowed the growth of Chicago and the decline of the Michigan and Illinois canal (Cronon, 2009). Chicago had benefitted from the canal, but the railroad just took over like a storm with dramatic development changes. Nothing would hinder transportation. Comment by Teacher: Why were they speculative? Consider a different word choice

The construction of railroads as transport system exhibited more innovations compared to the previous modes including lakes, rivers canals, and rural roads. This system of transport broke the geographical barriers, increased the hinterlands because long distances could be covered easily. The resource hinterland increased because there were more goods flowing in and out of the city to even further areas. The railroads did not have to follow existing river valleys and did not have to end in existing harbors. One of the most welcomed advantages the railroads brought with it was that the rails were able to alleviate the problems associated with winter. During the winter when the snow covered the land, and the waters turned to ice, it meant that traveling on waterways was halted (Cronon, 2009). However, the railroads averted this problem, as the winter cold season did not affect the rails. The farmers and the businessmen could trade easily and allow them to get what they wanted in time. Comment by Teacher: Chicago’s hinterland? Comment by Teacher: This should be above in why the canals didn’t work as well as the railroads; i.e. natural contraints

The railroads had improved the urban planning of Chicago. The system of railroads ensured that there were fewer funds used in the construction on long stretches of roads. Rather, road construction was to connect the hinterlands to the railroads that helped move people and goods over long distances. It became easier for the farmers and the urban people to do business. The railroads were quicker than any other modes of transport. The rails could also carry more goods and people over long distances. The reliability of the transport system improved significantly. The idea that the trains could be delayed to meet the time demands of the users brought effectiveness to the transport sector (Cronon, 2009). The railroad transportation allowed Chicago to collect and dispose of waste products easily. The reliable transportation also helped to decongest the city as the people moved out of the city center because they knew they could get to the city whenever they wanted. Comment by Teacher: This is confusing. How did train delays help bring effectiveness and meet time demands? The word delay implies that the trains were not on time…

Reference

Cronon, W. (2009). Nature's metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. WW Norton & Company.

Overall this paper had good ideas but not enough evidence to support them. The paper needed more detailed examples from the reading to support the main ideas, however the student relied on broad, vague statements instead of giving concise examples. This also contributed a lack of evidence that the student actually did the reading thoroughly.

The brief mention of urban metabolism in the introductory paragraph made it seem like the student does not quite understand the class concept especially because it is never formally defined. The organization of the argument was jumbled and should have been presented more clearly. There were times where ideas were presented and no support was given until the next paragraph. This could be improved if the student takes time to create a detailed outline with a logical ordering of the argument and evidence.

Overall score: 73

Ideas (40): 28

20: Connection to class concepts – 15

10: Well-supported argumentation (including citations) – 5

10: Evidence the student understood/did the reading – 8

 

Organization (35): 25

20: Clear and well-supported main idea – 15

15: Logical order of argumentation/presentation – 10 – some evidence was presented in confusing orders. Ideas were brought up in one paragraph and not supported until further into the paper

 

Style (10): 7

5: Smooth transitions between ideas and paragraphs – 4

5: Clear and precise language -- 3 – there were many instances of poor word choice that made statements confusing. The use of vague statements also added to the lack of clarity

           

Grammar (10): 8 – this paper needed more revision

Spelling (5): 5

Deliverable 01 Worksheet

1. Introduce your scenario and data set.

· Provide a brief overview of the scenario you are given and describe the data set.

· Describe how you will be analyzing the data set.

· Classify the variables in your data set.

· Which variables are quantitative/qualitative?

· If it is a quantitative variable, is it discrete or continuous?

· Describe the level of measurement for each variable included in the data set (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer and Explanation:

Enter your step-by-step answer and explanations here.

2. Discuss the importance of the Measures of Center.

· Name and describe each measure of center.

· Discuss the advantages and/or disadvantages of each.

Answer and Explanation:

Enter your step-by-step answer and explanations here.

3. Discuss the importance of the Measures of Variation.

· Name and describe each measure of variation.

· Discuss the advantages and/or disadvantages of each.

Answer and Explanation:

Enter your step-by-step answer and explanations here.

4. Calculate the measures of center and measures of variation from the data set and list them below. Be sure to include (a) an interpretation of each measure in context of the scenario (for example, if the median is larger than the mean, what does it mean? What does the value of standard deviation tell you?) and (b) correct units of measurement. Show your calculations in your spreadsheet. You do not need to include Excel functions in your written answer below.

· Mean

· Median

· Mode

· Midrange

· Range

· Variance

· Standard deviation

Answer and Explanation:

Enter your step-by-step answer and explanations here.

Data

Job Title Salary
Accountants and Auditors 64,150 source: http://www.bls.gov/
Actuaries 99,870
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers 103,000
Administrative Services Managers 85,610
Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors 47,760
Advertising and Promotions Managers 117,030
Advertising Sales Agents 52,970
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians 62,690
Aerospace Engineers 112,270
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes 77,690
Agricultural and Food Science Technicians 41,570
Agricultural Inspectors 42,470
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary 92,010
Air Traffic Controllers 138,050
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 39,970
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers 48,860
Airfield Operations Specialists 56,010
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers 95,530
Anthropologists and Archeologists 67,150
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate 61,080
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators 82,160
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 80,300
Architectural and Civil Drafters 51,570
Architecture and Engineering Occupations 73,850
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary 79,040
Archivists 37,570
Art Directors 73,230
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary 63,020
Athletic Trainers 46,970
Atmospheric and Space Scientists 46,990
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary 77,820
Audiologists 79,050
Avionics Technicians 57,890
Biomedical Engineers 101,320
Boilermakers 71,230
Broadcast News Analysts 43,020
Brokerage Clerks 46,600
Budget Analysts 68,080
Business and Financial Operations Occupations 64,880
Business Operations Specialists, All Other 63,160
Business Teachers, Postsecondary 70,200
Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products 62,290
Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers 41,910
Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels 58,540
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians 66,100
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School 48,550
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School 60,660
Cargo and Freight Agents 46,530
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists 65,460
Chefs and Head Cooks 38,570
Chemical Engineers 77,020
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders 37,470
Chemical Plant and System Operators 42,560
Chemical Technicians 48,530
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary 76,160
Chemists 73,260
Child, Family, and School Social Workers 54,360
Chiropractors 67,480
Civil Engineers 82,570
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators 58,630
Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists 75,860
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers 36,650
Commercial and Industrial Designers 57,590
Commercial Pilots 58,710
Communications Equipment Operators, All Other 40,600
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 59,650
Community and Social Service Occupations 43,790
Community Health Workers 35,070
Compensation and Benefits Managers 134,890
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 69,320
Compliance Officers 70,550
Computer and Information Research Scientists 118,780
Computer and Information Systems Managers 129,520
Computer and Mathematical Occupations 81,640
Computer Hardware Engineers 103,110
Computer Network Architects 101,250
Computer Network Support Specialists 58,970
Computer Occupations, All Other 75,400
Computer Programmers 79,730
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary 76,000
Computer Systems Analysts 89,730
Computer User Support Specialists 51,670
Conservation Scientists 64,220
Construction and Building Inspectors 65,640
Construction Managers 85,110
Continuous Mining Machine Operators 42,760
Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door 65,680
Conveyor Operators and Tenders 34,490
Cost Estimators 60,340
Crane and Tower Operators 68,290
Credit Analysts 75,060
Credit Counselors 44,800
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary 61,210
Curators 45,850
Database Administrators 90,280
Dental Hygienists 72,270
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas 44,610
Detectives and Criminal Investigators 69,990
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 77,140
Dietitians and Nutritionists 59,700
Directors, Religious Activities and Education 45,880
Drafters, All Other 49,280
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary 93,100
Economists 60,860
Editors 53,230
Education Administrators, All Other 78,570
Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School 102,480
Education Administrators, Postsecondary 83,100
Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program 50,070
Education Teachers, Postsecondary 57,530
Education, Training, and Library Occupations 47,920
Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors 52,820
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers 38,450
Electrical and Electronics Drafters 54,440
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians 60,910
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment 60,370
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment 60,980
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay 75,790
Electrical Engineers 89,830
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers 78,330
Electricians 66,250
Electro-Mechanical Technicians 56,110
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer 91,480
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education 59,180
Elevator Installers and Repairers 88,700
Embalmers 46,100
Emergency Management Directors 79,070
Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other 57,460
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 58,320
Environmental Engineering Technicians 42,190
Environmental Engineers 73,020
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health 48,760
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary 78,600
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health 66,160
Epidemiologists 73,710
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants 51,920
Exercise Physiologists 59,230
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters 56,670
Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 37,040
Farm and Home Management Advisors 68,410
Film and Video Editors 42,110
Financial Analysts 80,210
Financial Clerks, All Other 37,260
Financial Examiners 84,550
Financial Managers 118,800
Financial Specialists, All Other 61,250
Fire Inspectors and Investigators 66,230
Firefighters 29,350
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 69,490
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers 75,230
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers 50,050
First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers 69,860
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 49,590
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers 46,790
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 63,170
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers 68,030
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers 56,880
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives 88,320
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 58,520
First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other 48,200
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 58,250
Fish and Game Wardens 46,110
Food Service Managers 50,090
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary 61,620
Forensic Science Technicians 53,980
Forest and Conservation Technicians 42,690
Foresters 59,690
Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary 90,080
Fundraisers 59,660
Funeral Service Managers 97,620
Gaming Supervisors 32,220
Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators 56,220
Gas Plant Operators 63,070
General and Operations Managers 84,260
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary 73,700
Geological and Petroleum Technicians 53,150
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers 69,700
Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors 82,080
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other 75,050
Health Educators 49,790
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary 82,450
Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 54,130
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 67,470
Healthcare Social Workers 57,380
Hearing Aid Specialists 57,580
Historians 62,210
History Teachers, Postsecondary 74,990
Hoist and Winch Operators 77,140
Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary 71,420
Human Resources Managers 105,090
Human Resources Specialists 58,220
Industrial Engineering Technicians 51,310
Industrial Engineers 85,780
Industrial Machinery Mechanics 53,180
Industrial Production Managers 95,250
Information and Record Clerks, All Other 41,700
Information Security Analysts 87,480
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 45,990
Instructional Coordinators 58,180
Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage 63,450
Insurance Sales Agents 60,720
Insurance Underwriters 61,460
Interior Designers 49,730
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates 58,140
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education 54,980
Labor Relations Specialists 70,360
Landscape Architects 63,480
Lawyers 114,090
Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic 42,830
Legal Occupations 82,900
Legal Support Workers, All Other 54,340
Librarians 59,040
Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary 65,910
Life Scientists, All Other 66,570
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 62,840
Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining 41,270
Loan Officers 71,340
Locomotive Engineers 59,470
Logging Workers, All Other 41,940
Logisticians 67,230
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists 72,710
Management Analysts 77,480
Managers, All Other 112,490
Marine Engineers and Naval Architects 57,230
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 63,840
Marketing Managers 124,920
Marriage and Family Therapists 45,830
Materials Engineers 98,820
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary 64,450
Mechanical Drafters 57,700
Mechanical Engineering Technicians 53,270
Mechanical Engineers 78,580
Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other 51,210
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 65,770
Medical and Health Services Managers 95,800
Medical Equipment Repairers 60,120
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners 50,010
Mental Health Counselors 46,580
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders 43,350
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education 58,870
Millwrights 46,160
Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators 46,410
Mine Shuttle Car Operators 53,150
Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers 95,550
Mining Machine Operators, All Other 45,660
Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 38,030
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 55,680
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic 37,560
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors 62,590
Multimedia Artists and Animators 59,110
Music Directors and Composers 57,150
Natural Sciences Managers 106,490
Network and Computer Systems Administrators 82,280
Nuclear Engineers 110,620
Nuclear Medicine Technologists 81,290
Nuclear Technicians 59,630
Nurse Practitioners 106,870
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary 69,470
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists 75,110
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians 49,330
Occupational Therapists 72,420
Occupational Therapy Assistants 47,550
Operations Research Analysts 80,060
Optometrists 115,660
Orthotists and Prosthetists 72,980
Painters, Transportation Equipment 45,420
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 37,880
Paralegals and Legal Assistants 54,820
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic 45,700
Personal Financial Advisors 88,560
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers 58,860
Pharmacists 127,730
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary 70,570
Physical Therapist Assistants 53,390
Physical Therapists 78,840
Physician Assistants 106,710
Physicists 102,460
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary 73,560
Plant and System Operators, All Other 58,840
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 69,560
Podiatrists 190,620
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers 63,770
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary 87,540
Postal Service Clerks 41,170
Postal Service Mail Carriers 53,250
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators 56,790
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents 69,590
Power Distributors and Dispatchers 89,190
Power Plant Operators 74,300
Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other 55,050
Private Detectives and Investigators 40,540
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists 62,370
Producers and Directors 61,110
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 47,710
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers 58,050
Psychologists, All Other 89,580
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary 67,820
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers 99,240
Public Relations Specialists 56,750
Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 45,000
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 61,760
Purchasing Managers 104,950
Radiation Therapists 78,720
Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers 59,410
Radiologic Technologists 63,510
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers 56,580
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters 60,630
Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators 56,520
Real Estate Brokers 74,240
Real Estate Sales Agents 38,800
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary 56,640
Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians 35,370
Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons 47,440
Registered Nurses 74,460
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers 53,290
Respiratory Therapists 66,240
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic 34,160
Roof Bolters, Mining 54,150
Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas 56,660
Sales Engineers 92,070
Sales Managers 115,240
Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 55,530
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 62,690
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products 103,370
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education 60,750
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents 66,840
Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining 48,010
Set and Exhibit Designers 48,680
Ship Engineers 69,300
Signal and Track Switch Repairers 37,720
Social and Community Service Managers 72,830
Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other 73,680
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary 61,750
Social Workers, All Other 53,450
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary 72,100
Software Developers, Applications 90,620
Software Developers, Systems Software 102,840
Soil and Plant Scientists 58,390
Sound Engineering Technicians 55,730
Special Education Teachers, All Other 67,900
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School 58,030
Special Education Teachers, Middle School 61,020
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School 61,920
Speech-Language Pathologists 68,080
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators 55,890
Statisticians 84,400
Surveyors 63,110
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders 43,440
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents 60,810
Technical Writers 64,700
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers 61,700
Tire Builders 42,500
Tool and Die Makers 55,470
Training and Development Managers 104,300
Training and Development Specialists 60,730
Transportation Inspectors 98,540
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers 90,730
Urban and Regional Planners 70,080
Veterinarians 82,470
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators 52,550
Web Developers 64,600
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products 59,080
Writers and Authors 58,300
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists 59,520

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For your assignment, you will also have three scenarios, of which you will choose one to research and write about, and you will contrast the utilitarian and ethical egoist perspective on these. 

You will need to submit:

· A written report that presents one of the options above (Be sure to give equal time to each element.)  This is the most important parts.

· An oral presentation that summarizes the report and examines the ethical ideas beyond the particulars of each case.  It could be a voice thread, a recorded video, a voice-over powerpoint, a webex recording.  I'm not picky.

· The link or a scan of the article mentioning the health technology, social technology, or case you are reporting on. If you made up the case, please indicate that in your report.  In that case you obviously won't have this.

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