ETF1100 Business Statistics Group Assignment – 2021S1

A. How it works

• This project will be undertaken in small groups and involve analysing a data set using the approaches to quantitative problems you have learnt in this unit.

• The final product will be a set of presentation slides which you will submit via Moodle by Friday 11pm on 14 May 2021 (the end of Week 10). A penalty of 10% per day applies for late submissions. The assignment should contain no more than 15 slides.

• The slides should show, in an interesting way, the main things you have done and learned in addressing the main question of the assignment. Usually, you would present these slides to your workshop members and tutor. However, given there is some uncertainty around COVID- 19, and we have students in Melbourne and overseas, you will not actually present the slides this semester.

• The assignment is structured such that it gives groups some freedom to explore the problem in ways they see fit. There is no single correct answer for the assignment. It is a research project and different groups will approach things differently. This is encouraged.

• Students have been put in groups based on their preferences. All group members will generally be enrolled in the same workshop. There will be around 5 members in each group (though some groups may have more or less members than this). You should get in touch with your group members, organise to meet regularly and share ideas and the workload. It can be challenging, but also rewarding, to work in groups. The assignment is aimed at building your groupwork experience as well as fostering contact with your peers in this unit. If you find you are not in a group, then contact us as soon as possible. Also, it is possible that some of your allocated group members may have dropped the unit, or you may find that your group members may not be entirely cooperative. If you email someone and do not get a response, then proceed with the remaining group members.

• All group members must contribute to the assignment. There will be an opportunity to give feedback on the contributions of other members of your group, and this feedback will be used when allocating an individual’s final mark for this assessment. If you do not participate fully in the assignment, and cooperate with your group members, then you should expect your grade to be adjusted downwards as a result.

• The project is worth 18% of your final mark and your grade will depend on the quality and content of your presentation slides as well as your participation in the assignment. See the marking guide at the end of this document.

• You will receive written feedback on the assignment. In addition, we will run a workshop where the tutor will talk through each of the assignments submitted by groups in the workshop. This will provide useful feedback to you. It will also to be helpful, I think, to see how others approached the exercise.

• The exam for this semester will mostly use the same dataset and explore similar and related issues.

B. The Topic

(i) The Context: Climate Change and C02 Emissions

In this project you will analyse some up-to-date data tracking CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions of countries of the world over the last few centuries. CO2 emissions are an important part of the story of the human contribution to climate change. The idea is to use techniques that we have been learning about in this unit to study some patterns in CO2 emissions across time and across countries. The main

focus is on how economic and population growth affect CO2 emissions, and on trends across time and patterns across countries. Below we describe the data and the kinds of analysis we would like you to do. Once you complete the analysis you will prepare a presentation where you show what you have done. The presentation should include some background of the issues, why you are studying this topic, and what implications we can draw from your analysis.

(ii) The Data Your raw data can be downloaded into a spreadsheet file here: https://github.com/owid/co2-data (use the XLSX file) As well as the data file, there is important information at this link about how the different variables are defined. You will need to study this carefully, because it affects how you interpret the analysis you undertake below. Some technical notes:

• The data file is big file (~6MB), and we will not ask you to analyse all the data, as it covers more than 200 countries over hundreds of years, so has many many thousands of rows. Instead, each section of the analysis requires you to extract a part of the dataset. Take that subset of the data to a new file and do your analysis on that file. In the end, you should have an Excel file for each Part below.

• Often you do not have all the data you need for a particular analysis – perhaps not all the years are available, or all the countries. You need to just do your analysis for the dataset you have available (e.g., just a subset of the countries, or not using all the years). Sometimes this involves rearranging rows of the data, or just selecting specific rows or columns. Be very careful when you do these kinds of operations.

• Some of the “countries” are not actually Countries, like “Africa”, “Asia”, “World”, etc. These are totals across a group of countries (e.g., a continent). When you do the analysis in Part C, you will need to make sure you only include real countries, so check the list carefully.

C. The Tasks

Please read this part of the document carefully. Here we outline various tasks we would like you to do. They are in separate sections, so your group can share them among yourselves. In each case we give you some guidance about what to do, but there is also some freedom for you to choose what data to focus on, or how you will analyse it. The idea is to do these tasks and analysis, then work on a presentation that explains what you have done and discusses what it all means. Please note that the assignment should contain no more than 15 slides. This is a strict maximum. Also, make sure that the font is a reasonable size, so it is easily readable in presentation mode. A common minimum font size for presentation slides is 20pt. You can use a slightly smaller font for tables of data or figures. But it must be readily readable. What these constraints will mean is that you need to think very carefully about what you do and do not include in your slides. My advice is to divide your presentation up in 5 parts as follows: Part 1: Introduction (2 slides) Create a slide with the title of your project and the full names and student numbers of your group members. On your second slide outline the contents of the presentation. You may also want to outline the issues and broadly how you are going to address them. You could also (very briefly) summarize your conclusions.

Part 2: The World Situation Over Time (~4 slides) Take the data for the “country” called World. This is the total for the variables across all countries. You can get the World data by filtering the data and selecting just World in the Country column. Once you have the relevant rows, copy these to a new Excel file and analyse this data. Here are some suggestions for what you might do:

• Take a look at the most recent year of data, and look at total CO2 emissions, then at emissions from coal, gas, oil and other sources. Find a way to present the information about the different sources of CO2 emissions.

• Plot a time series chart of CO2 emissions across time and describe its features.

• Run a regression with CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, and a linear time trend as the independent variable. Can you think of a better way to capture the trend, as the linear trend over the whole time period does not look appropriate? Perhaps you can include both time and time squared in the model to capture the nonlinear relationship with time.

• Once you have a sensible time series model for the trend in CO2 emissions, use that model to predict what emissions will be in 2050 and 2100, and then compare these with the experts are saying needs to happen to CO2 emissions over the next few decades. Is there any sign of slowing of the trend in recent years, based on your data here?

• Run a regression with CO2 emissions for the World as the dependent variable, and a set of independent variables: World population, World GDP per capita (you will need to calculate this variable and use a subset of the data because these variables are missing in the early years). Think carefully about what you learn from this regression and include your analysis in your slides.

Part 3: Study a Particular Country (~4 slides) Select a country to study. Make sure it is one with plenty of data over several years on the variables we are interested in. Here are some suggestions for what you might do:

• Tell us a little about this country compared to the rest of the world: size, location, GDP, population, GDP per capita, CO2 emissions per capita, and its share of total CO2 emissions.

• Take a look at the most recent year of data, and look at total CO2 emissions, then at emissions from coal, gas, oil and other sources. Find a way to present the information about the different sources of CO2 emissions. How does this mix compare to what you found for the World (Part 2)?

• Plot a time series chart of CO2 emissions across time and describe its features.

• Run a regression with CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, and a linear time trend as the independent variable. Compare the model and time series graph for this country to the overall World situation (Part A). You may also want to include ‘time squared’ in your time series model if the series is nonlinear. Maybe it is worth looking at growth rates to help with this comparison: are emissions for your country growing faster or slower than the World growth? Are things different in more recent years?

• Run a regression with CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, and a set of independent variables: population, GDP per capita. Compare your model with the World model from Part 2.

Part 4: Cross Country Models as of 2016 (~4 slides) Create a dataset that has one row for each country, corresponding to the 2016 values for that country. [Why 2016? Because this is the most recent year for which a good number of countries have GDP data.] (Using filtering on the Year column is the easiest way to do this but make sure you drop non-countries like “Africa”. Note that it generally seems that if the variable “iso_code” is missing then it is not a country). Now you can perform some “cross country analysis”, as of 2016. Here are some suggestions for what you might do:

• Have a look at some of the characteristics of 2-3 interesting variables and compare these across countries. Be aware of appropriate standardisation in making such comparisons. You might consider things like the share of coal or oil in CO2 emissions (variations in how much countries depend on these resources), CO2 per unit of energy (comparing the types of energy countries use), etc.

• Run a series of regressions with the same set of independent variables: population, and GDP per capita (which you will need to calculate). But consider 3 different dependent variables:

o CO2 emissions o CO2 emissions per capita (you will need to calculate and perhaps rescale this variable) o CO2 emissions per GDP (you will need to calculate and perhaps rescale this variable)

Think carefully about what you learn from these models, and from the similarities and differences. Part 5: Summary and conclusions (~1 slide) Provide a summary and some brief conclusions regarding what you have done. This could also address some of the weaknesses of your analysis and/or the data and some uncertainties about your results. You may also want to discuss the implications of your findings for government and society.

D. Assessment Criteria There are two primary components as to how your presentation will be assessed: (1) content, (2) presentation. Both are worth 9 marks out of 18 marks. In addition, you will give feedback to your group members—this is the group participation aspect of the assessment criteria. We will adjust your grade based on the feedback of your groupmates. These various aspects of the assessment process are listed below:

(1). Content (9 marks)

• The statistical analysis was correctly implemented, a range of techniques were used, it was clearly explained, with valid interpretations.

• The statistical analysis undertaken is well linked to the overall conclusion/theme/message of the presentation.

(2). Presentation (9 marks)

• The presentation follows a logical flow, and clear and logical conclusions/themes/main points are evident.

• The results are interpreted correctly, and conclusions are well justified

(3). Group participation (used for mark adjustment if it appears a group member has not contributed based on the responses of other group members)

• You will receive an email using the TEAMMATES software system after you have completed the assignment, i.e. a couple of days after the due date. You will be asked if each member of your group contributed sufficiently to the group project. If a large portion of the group indicates that a person did not make a reasonable contribution, then that person’s mark may be adjusted downward.

• If your group experiences major difficulties working together on the project, please contact a member of teaching staff to discuss the situation.

Each of the two main criteria will be graded on a scale from 0 to 9. The following table includes the sorts of comments that we would associate with the respective grades.

Mark Description

0 to 4 Fail: The work has fallen below the minimum required standard. i. The work exhibits fundamental misunderstandings, errors and/or omissions.

ii. A major revision of the work is required and there is extensive room for improvement.

iii. The work shows an extremely limited appreciation and understanding for the issues examined and the methods which should be appropriately used.

iv. The work incorporates no or limited creativity and/or advanced/mature thinking.

5 Pass: The work has narrowly met the minimum required standard. i. The work exhibits a significant level of misunderstandings, errors and/or

omissions. ii. There are several areas in which there is room for improvement.

iii. The work shows a limited appreciation and understanding of the issues examined and the methods which should be appropriately used.

iv. The work incorporates a limited degree of creativity and/or advanced/mature thinking.

6 Credit: The work is of a satisfactory standard. i. The work exhibits minor misunderstandings, errors and/or omissions.

ii. There is some room for improvement. iii. The work shows a reasonable appreciation and understanding for the issues

examined and the methods which should be appropriately used. iv. The work incorporates some level of creativity and/or advanced/mature

thinking.

7 Distinction: The work is of a high standard. i. The work exhibits no meaningful misunderstandings, errors and/or omissions.

ii. There is some minor room for improvement. iii. The work shows a clear appreciation and understanding for the issues examined

and the methods which should be appropriately used. iv. The work incorporates creativity and/or advanced/mature thinking.

8 to 9 High Distinction: The work is of outstanding quality. i. The work exhibits no misunderstandings, errors and/or omissions.

ii. There is little or no room for improvement. iii. The work shows an insightful appreciation and understanding for the issues

examined and the methods which should be appropriately used. iv. The work incorporates a high degree of creativity and/or advanced/mature

thinking.

For any issues regarding your assignment, contact us via the following email address: [email protected].

4

tBUSN311 WEEK 5 WRITING ASSIGNMENT

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE (Graded)

Complete and submit to Week 5 Assignment dropbox.

This Assignment will assist you in preparing your Week 7 Assignment Research Paper.

Student Name __Tiffani Duncan____ Date _20210509__________________

STOP!

FIRST READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS

Instructions:

· Go to the Week 7 Assignment for the Course Project and read the instructions thoroughly. Then complete each item below by answering each question in the space provided.

· Save this as a WORD Document using your Name and Assignment. Example: JonesWk5ResearchOutline.docx.

· Answer on this document. It is in "Word," and spacing will adjust for your replies.

· Submit your completed paper to the Week 5 Assignment Dropbox by Sunday night of Week 5 (11:59 pm ET).

· The maximum point value for each item is stated in parentheses. Actual points will be awarded by your instructor with feedback.

****

1. (5 pts) Identify your case study company.

For the Week 7 Assignment, choose your case study from one of three companies: Ford, Boeing, or Purdue Pharmaceutical. State here the name of the company you have selected for your Week 7 Research Paper.

ANSWER: Ford.

2. (10 pts) Statement of an ethical dilemma.

The company you have chosen to write about (no. 1 above) made a business decision –i.e., chose a course of action – which adversely affected others and the company. In making this decision, the company was faced with an ethical dilemma. As you have learned, an ethical dilemma is a conflict between alternatives where neither alternative is desirable. Choosing either one will compromise something. Each choice will have its downside: it could compromise ethics, cause ethical and legal problems, cause harm, raise difficult questions, or otherwise lead to an undesirable situation. Ideally, the decision-maker would do both acts or neither, but he cannot. He has to choose and can only select one. The dilemma is being confronted with these undesirable choices and having to choose one. (For examples of ethical dilemmas, see Bucaro, (2017). Required Reading, Week 5 Lesson).

· In a single, well-crafted sentence, state the ethical dilemma presented in your chosen company's situation.

ANSWER: As it presented the Ford Pinto Car model, which was likely to cause deaths, Ford faced an ethical dilemma of whether to recall the already manufactured vehicles and modify them for safety or pay off victims of accidents whenever it would happen and save money.

3. (10 pts) Ethical frameworks:

· Identify and briefly define the ethical framework illustrated by your chosen company’s decision. (See Weeks 5 and 6 Lessons and Required Readings.)

ANSWER: The Company illustrated the egoistic framework whereby much focus was made on the company’s profits. The framework allows for an individual (in this case, the company) to maximize the amount of sound the outcome would do to them. This is exactly what Ford did so that it would not have to spend a lot of money to save people's lives but rather save it by paying just a little after the damage has been done.

· Identify and briefly define the ethical framework that you will argue your chosen company should have utilized to reach a different result in the situation.

ANSWER: The Company should have utilized the utilitarian framework. In this framework, every decision should be the one that produces the least amount of pain and distress. For Ford, that decision could be to recall the Pinto and save people's lives even if it would mean spending so much money. That way, there would be less pain and distress.

4. (5 pts) Recommendation. Identify at least one business practice as a lesson business management can learn from this case study.

ANSWER: Ford management should learn to involve low-level employees in the making of particular decisions. The decision not to recall the deadly vehicle model was made only at the management level that no one cared to value the lives of people who would die in explosion crashes. If lower-level employees of the company were involved, some would have recommended the recalling of the death-trap vehicles, and lives would have been saved.

5. (70 pts) References. APA help source

You are starting on the next page under the heading, References, list in an APA7 formatted citations list at least seven (7) credible sources you will use to support your Week 7 Course Project.

Go to the next page .

References

De Los Reyes Jr, G., Scholz, M., & Smith, N. C. (2017). Beyond the "Win-Win," creating shared value requires ethical frameworks. California Management Review, 59(2), 142-167.

Haghighattalab, S., Chen, A., Fan, Y., & Mohammadi, R. (2019). Engineering ethics within accident analysis models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 129, 119-125.

Kaptein, M. (2017). When organizations are too good: Applying Aristotle's doctrine of the mean to the corporate ethical virtues model. Business Ethics: A European Review, 26(3), 300-311.

Scharding, T. (2018). This is Business Ethics: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.

Schwartz, M. S. (2017). Business ethics: An ethical decision-making approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Strother, S. (2018). When Making Money is More Important Than Saving Lives: Revisiting the Ford Pinto Case. Journal of International & Interdisciplinary Business Research, 5(1), 166-181.

Tura, N., Keränen, J., & Patala, S. (2019). The darker side of sustainability: Tensions from sustainable business practices in business networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 77, 221-231.

BUSN311.Wk5.LA Assignment 2021

© 2021 American Public University Systems

Part 4: OHS Induction session plan

Session overview

Time

Venue

Objectives and outcomes

Resources required

Time

Topic

Main points

Part 3: Meeting minutes

Date

Time

Location

Meeting/Project Name

Minutes prepared by

1. Meeting objective

Remarks:

2. Attendees present

Name

Signature

Email

Phone

3. Agenda and notes, decisions, issues

Topic

Owner

Time

4. Action items

Action description

Action to be taken by

Date to be actioned by

Part 1: Risk management policy and procedure

Purpose

Explain the purpose of the risk management policy and procedure.

Scope

Define the scope of the risk management policy and procedure.

Objectives

Establish a minimum of 4 objectives of the risk management policy and procedure.

Definitions

Define each of the following terms as they relate to this policy and procedure.

Acceptable level of risk

Consequence

Hierarchy of control

Likelihood

Risk Assessment

Risk rating

Policy

Discuss the purpose of conducting risk assessments and how control measures will be determined and implemented.

Responsibilities

Detail the responsibilities foreach of the following parties, with regard to risk management:

· Owner

· Supervisors/team leaders

· Health and safety representatives

· Employees

Procedure

Document a risk management procedure to be implemented. This is to include:

· When to conduct a risk assessment

· Who is to be involved

· What consultation is to occur

· The process for conducting a risk assessment, including:

· Identification of hazards

· Assessing risks

· Controlling risks

· Documenting controls

· Reviewing the effectiveness and adequacy of controls

Safe operating procedures (SOP)

Explain the purpose of safe operating procedures, who is responsible for their development and how they are to be implemented.

Safe work method statements (SWMS)

Explain the purpose of SWMS, the circumstances in which they are required and who is responsible for signing of and monitoring implementation.

Training

Detail the informal and formal training to be conducted with regard to risk management.

Records management

Establish the requirements for record keeping of risk management activities. What records are to be kept? For how long? Where can records be accessed?

Relevant legislation, regulations, standards and compliance codes

List the legislation, regulations, standards and compliance codes that are applicable to this risk management policy and procedure.

Part 2: Record of OHS consultation

Reason for consultation

Date

Attendees

Name and position

Signature

Specific issues

· Identify a hazard / assess risks

· Eliminate a hazard / associated risks

· Facilities for workers

· Workplace WHS changes

· WHS procedure/s

· Other

Who is consultation with?

· Workers

· Other PCBUs

· HSRs

· Other (specify): ________________

· HSRs representative

· WHS Committee

Description of issue for consultation:

List any concerns raised during discussion:

List decisions made (including date for completion, further action/s required, person/s responsible):

ISSUE RESOLVED / NOT RESOLVED

Part 1: Emergency management plan

Chemical spills emergency response

Detail the procedure to follow in the event of a chemical spill. Consider what action is to be taken if the incident can be managed internally, and if external assistance is required.

Fire emergency response

Detail the procedure to follow in the event of a fire, or if a fire / smoke alarm goes off.

Medical emergency response

Detail the procedure to follow in the event of a medical emergency, or following an incident and/or serious injury.

Emergency contacts

Record the below emergency contact details.

Police, Fire Brigade or Ambulance

Doctor

Hospital

Poisons Information Centre

Part 1: Work health and safety policy

Introduction

Establish the purpose of the health and safety policy and the company’s committed to work health and safety.

Responsibilities of management

Detail the responsibilities to be upheld by Twig and Roots management.

Employee responsibilities

Detail the responsibilities of all workers at Twig and roots.

Consultation

Detail the policy regarding consultation. When will consultation occur? How will consultation take place. How will issues raised through consultation be resolved?

Safety induction

Discuss the requirements for a safety induction for all workers upon employment with Twig and Roots.

Safety information

How will information pertaining to work health and safety be distributed to workers? What will such information include? Where can it be accessed?

Workplace bullying and aggression

Detail a policy for the intolerance of violence and bullying, and how such actions will be dealt with.

Sexual harassment

Detail a policy for the intolerance of sexual harassment by anyone, and how such actions will be dealt with.

Drugs and alcohol

Detail a policy for managing workers who are in an unfit state to perform their work in a safe manner due to the effects of alcohol or illicit drugs.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Discuss the employer’s and employee’s obligations regarding supply, proper use, and maintenance of personal protective equipment.

Review of this work health and safety policy

How often will this policy be reviewed? Who will be responsible for conducting the review?

Part 1: Risk assessment

Date:

Version No:

Review Date:

Authorised by:

STEP 1 – ENTER INFORMATION ABOUT THE ACTIVITY/TASK, ITS LOCATION AND THE PEOPLE COMPLETING THE RISK ASSESSMENT

Location name:

Assessed by:

HSR/Employee representative:

Description of activity/task:

Workplace conditions (Describe layout and physical conditions – including access and egress)

List systems of work for the activity/task:

· Training

· Inspections

· SOPs

· Existing controls

· Emergency situations

Is there past experience with the activity/task that may assist in the assessment?

· Existing controls

· SOPs

· Standards

· Industry standards

· Incidents and near-hits

· Legislation and Codes

· Training

· Incident Investigation

· Guidance material

STEP 2: RISK RATING – RISK MATRIX AND DEFINITIONS

Likelihood

Consequence

Insignificant

Minor

Moderate

Major

Severe

Almost certain

Medium

High

High

Extreme

Extreme

Likely

Medium

Medium

High

Extreme

Extreme

Possible

Low

Medium

Medium

High

Extreme

Unlikely

Low

Low

Medium

High

High

Rare

Low

Low

Low

Medium

High

Likelihood

Consequence

Almost certain – will occur in most circumstances when the activity is undertaken (greater than 90% chance of occurring)

Insignificant –First aid treatment, minor injury, no time off work

Likely - will probably occur in most circumstances when the activity is undertaken (51 to 90% chance of occurring)

Minor – Single occurrence of medical treatment, minor injury, no time off work

Possible – might occur when the activity is undertaken (21 to 50% chance of occurring)

Moderate – Multiple medical treatments, non-permanent injury, less than 10 days off work

Unlikely – could happen at some time when the activity is undertaken (1 to 20% chance of occurring)

Major – Extensive injuries requiring medical treatment (e.g. surgery), serious or permanent injury/illness, greater than 10 days off work

Rare – may happen only in exceptional circumstances when the activity is undertaken (less than 1% chance of occurring)

Severe – Severe injury/illness requiring life support, actual or potential fatality, greater than 250 days off work

Risk Rating Priority for Action

Risk acceptance guide

Action

Recommended action time frame

Extreme

Not acceptable

Cease or isolate source of risk

Implement further risk controls

Monitor, review and document controls

Immediate

Up to 1 month

Ongoing

High

Generally (in most circumstances) not acceptable

Implement risk controls if reasonably practicable

Monitor, review and document controls

1 to 3 months

Ongoing

Medium

Generally (in most circumstances) acceptable

Implement risk controls if reasonably practicable

Monitor, review and document controls

3 to 6 months

Ongoing

Low

Acceptable

Monitor and review

Ongoing

STEP 3 – IDENTIFY HAZARDS AND ASSOCIATED RISK RATINGS AND CONTROLS

For each of the following prompts:

· Review the prompts/examples for each hazard that may potentially exist for the activity/task;

· Determine and record an inherent risk score by using the risk matrix;

· In the comments box, describe when and where the hazard is present;

· Specify the risk control type, for each current or proposed risk control;

· Provide a control description for each inherent or proposed risk control;

· Where proposed risk control(s) have been identified complete the Action plan

· Determine the residual risk score using the risk matrix

Hierarchy of Control (Control Type)

El – Elimination

S – Substitution

En – Engineering Is – Isolation G – Guarding

Sh – Shielding

A – Administrative T – Training In – Inspection

M – Monitoring H – Health Monitoring

P – PPE

Category – Steps in the task

Hazards

Inherent Risk Score

Control Description (Current and Proposed)

Control Type

Residual Risk Score

STEP 4 – IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSULTATION PROCESS

Determine the person responsible for reviewing and implementing the risk assessment including the identified controls. Ensure the Action plan has been completed, reviewed and signed off where proposed controls have been identified.

Obtain the authorisation of the management representative.

Ensure the HSR (if applicable) has been consulted. Ensure the employees undertaking the activity have been consulted.

Record below the names of the persons consulted.

Management representative

HSR/Employee representative

Employee(s)

Employee(s)

Employee(s)

Employee(s)

Person Responsible for implementation or escalation

Extra writing room – use this page to enter extended comments or descriptions

Part 3: Meeting agenda

Meeting called by

Date

Facilitator

Time

Location

Attendees

Agenda

Topic

Presenter

Time allotted

Notes

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