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SafeAssign Originality Report PSYC-FP3540 - Winter 2021 - Section 02 • [u03a1] Debate Preparation

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PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Date:

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections

and submit the full worksheet.

Section 1: Debate Preparation 1. Your position statement. In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavor-

able view of the debate topic. Your position should include the following: A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you

would present to support your position. You should construct three arguments for your position. 2. Your summary of the arguments that support your position

and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments. Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so many reasons as to why people are affected by depression, so much so that the discussion of depression is on-going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are so many factors that come into play with the causes of depression. However, I believe cognitively that a person can be made susceptible to depression

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2/24/2021 Originality Report

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Supporting Argument 1: Internationally, approximately 19.7% of women have experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, &

Gomez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b). Survivors who have experienced childhood sexual abuse are at an increased rate of developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood adversities ((Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the psychiatric disorders most fre- quently linked to childhood sexual abuse (PSTD; Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009; McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014; Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010). Supporting Argument 2: People are confronted with several alternative options and need to choose for acquiring and avoiding these

alternatives. The high-level cognitive process which precedes the choice is referred to as "decision" and the phenomenon is called "decision-making" (Miyapuram & Pammi, 2013). Decision-making is involved with a complex cognitive process such as reward-related learning, expecting utility, and valuation process (Miyapuram & Pammi, 2013). Past experiences, context, motivation, and attention are many factors that can influence the decision-making process and one of many factors which can be considered is the affective state or psychiatric disorders (Shad, Bidesi, Chen, Ernst, & Rao, 2011) Supporting Argument 3: The development of depression

and heavy drinking has been associated with childhood trauma according to several studies. Sexual abuse, parental divorce, and exposure to violence are a few of the traumatic events associated with depression and heavy drinking based on the severity and frequency of the event. Through its effect on the stress response,

childhood trauma may lead to depression. Individuals who experience traumatic events in childhood have a lower tolerance for stress and consequently may be

more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events in adulthood compared to those who experience no childhood trauma in childhood. Major

depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety are more likely to develop in individuals who experienced multiple childhood trauma compared to those who experience no childhood trauma (Colman et al., 2013). Add supporting arguments as needed. If you have more than three arguments, place them in the

same format as the others here:

Section 2: Counterarguments 3. Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals. Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your

position. How would you reply to these counterarguments? Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature. These are your rebuttals.

COUNTERARGUMENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

Samantha's counterargument was that due to positive experiences, serotonin is released into our central nervous system. If our central nervous system is not func- tioning well, it can alter our decision-making process based on our mood or emotion, as well as cause depression.

Yes, I agree that hormones such as serotonin do affect our central nervous system, and when our central nervous system is affected, it does alter our decision-making process, and could also lead to depression, from the cognitive aspect, there are other factors to consider. First, decision-making or judgment is based on cognitive in- terpretation in the context of how people discriminate among choices (Greifeneder et al., 2011). Second, emotional states provoked by ambiguous stimuli or situ- ations and negative cognitive interpretations of the corresponding affective states and stimuli or situations may bring about unwise decisions in daily life (Hartley & Phelps, 2012).

Keely's counterargument was that not all subjects of childhood trauma lead to alcohol addiction, also, that various stressors can alter brain development and functioning.

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Now, while I agree that not all individuals who suffer childhood trauma become addicted to alcohol, there are individuals who do experience heavy drinking due to childhood trauma. Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood and may create a lifelong vulnerability to

stress. The associations between childhood trauma, recent stress, and depression/heavy drinking from 1994/95 to 2008/09 were explored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stress- ful events on depression/heavy drinking

Shadonna’s counterargument was that both men and women experience sexual abuse and that the relationship between childhood histories of abuse and symptoms of personality disorders are mediated by mentalizing. Now, I do agree that both men and women experience sexual abuse and that sexual abuse is not the only factor that can cause depression in women, however, this argument was specifically on childhood sexual abuse and how it affects women when it comes to depression. To add to this argument, 28 to 33% of women and 12 to 18% of men were victims of childhood or adolescent sexual abuse (Roland, 2002, as cited in Long et al., 2006).

4. Summary and conclusion. (Use this section as a way to summarize the debate) The counterarguments opposing my position were a) due to positive

experiences, serotonin is released into our central nervous system. If our central nervous system is not functioning well, it can alter our decision-making process based on our mood or emotion, as well as cause depression, b) not all subjects of childhood trauma lead to alcohol addiction, also, that various stressors can alter the brains development and functioning, and c) both men and women experience sexual abuse and the relationship between childhood histories of abuse and symptoms of personality disorders are mediated by mentalizing. My rebuttals to the counterarguments that opposed my position are as follows a) cognitive interpretation of how people discriminate among choices affect our decision-making or judgement (Greifeneder et al., 2011), emotional states provoked by ambiguous stimuli or situ- ations and negative cognitive interpretations of the corresponding affective states and stimuli or situations may bring about unwise decisions in daily life (Hartley & Phelps, 2012), and finally, several previous studies provided evidence that loss aversion reflect amygdale hyper-activation, which inhibits actions when outcomes are anticipated as aversive through avoidance response (Canessa et al., 2013; De Martino et al., 2010), b) individuals who experience two or more childhood trauma were at a higher risk of becoming depressed and/or drinking heavily compared to individuals who had no childhood trauma and c) women who experienced childhood sexual abuse are more susceptible to depression because with childhood sexual abuse comes factors such as body issues related to feeling dirty or ugly and dissatis- faction with body appearance, eating disorders, and obesity. There are so many different perspectives as to what causes depression, so much so that it is an ongoing discussion. Depression doesn't have one definitive cause, but as someone who has suffered from depression and has experienced others who suffer from depression, the cognitive perspective is the most valid and reasonable to me. From my experience, cognitive experiences such as trauma, stress, body shaming, and many other environmental factors play a key factor when it comes to depression. For example, childhood trauma may exert effects on future depression and alcohol- ism through divergent stress-response pathways (Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron, 2012), as well as cognitive interpretation of how people discriminate among choices affect our decision-making or judgement (Greifeneder, Bless, & Pham, 2011). In conclusion, I stand firm in my position that cognitive factors and the cognitive perspective are the most valid and reasonable positions.

5. APA reference list. (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided). (Year of publication).

Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number. DOI: number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/

Sample reference for a journal article:

Klassen R M Perry N E & Frenzel A C (2012) Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological

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2/24/2021 Originality Report

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Klassen, R. M., Perry, N. E., & Frenzel, A. C. (2012). Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological

needs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165. https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253

Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate.

References

implications. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas11/Article_19.pdf

Hyun Jung Huha, Kwangyeol Baekb,c, Jae-Hyung Kwonb, Jaeseung Jeongb, and Jeong-Ho Chaea.

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(2017). Impact of childhood trauma and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on risk-aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with

depression. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Vol 21(6), Nov 2016. pp. 447-461.

Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron. (2012).

Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: Moderating effects of childhood trauma. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology.

48. 10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8. The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender dif-

ference in depression. Psychological Review, Vol 115(2), Apr 2008. pp. 291-313

Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year: The moderating roles of daily stress–sadness reactivity and the cortisol awakening

response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 65(3), Apr 2018. pp. 334-345.

Emotion Regulation Is Associated with PTSD and Depression Among Female Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Cindy Chang, Antonia N.

Kaczkurkin, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa University of Pennsylvania

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PSYC

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FP

3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Date:

To prepare for

your hypothetical

debate

, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned

from your research

about the topic.

Complete

both sections and submit

the full worksh

eet.

Section 1:

Debate Preparation

1.

Your

p

osition

s

tatement.

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2/24/2021 Originality Report

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your

favorable or unfavorable

view of

the

debate topic.

Your position should include the following:

·

A position statement (

pro

or

con

).

·

A brief summary of each argument that you

would

present to support your position.

Y

ou

should construct three arguments for your position.

2.

Your summary of the

a

rguments

that support your position

and

the researched

-

based

e

vidence

to support those arguments.

Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect

anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so

many reasons as to why people are affe

cted by depression, so much so that the discussion of

depression is on

-

going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are

1 PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet Date: To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have

learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet. Section 1: Debate Preparation 1. Your position

statement. In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic. Your position should in-

clude the following: A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should con-

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struct three arguments for your position. 2. Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those

arguments. Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so many reasons as to why people are affected by depression, so much so that the discussion of depression is on-going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are

1

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PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Original source

PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

1

Student paper

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet.

Original source

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet

1

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Debate Preparation 1.

Original source

Debate Preparation 1

2

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Your position statement.

Original source

Your Position Statement

1

Student paper

In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic.

Original source

In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic

3

Student paper

Your position should include the following:

Original source

Your position should include the following

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Student paper

A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should construct three arguments for your position.

Original source

A position statement (pro or con) A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position You should construct three arguments for your position

1

Student paper

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments.

Original source

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments

2/24/2021 Originality Report

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Supporting Argument 1:

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Supporting Argument 1

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Internationally, approximately 19.7% of women have experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, & Gomez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b). Survivors who have experienced child- hood sexual abuse are at an increased rate of developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood ad- versities ((Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005). Posttrau- matic stress disorder is one of the psy- chiatric disorders most frequently linked to childhood sexual abuse (PSTD;

Original source

Internationally, it is estimated that 19.7% of women have ex- perienced sexual ab- use prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, & Gómez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b) After experiencing childhood sexual abuse, survivors are at increased risk for developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood adversities (Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001 Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005) One of the psychiatric disorders most frequently linked to childhood sexual abuse is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD

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Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009; McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014; Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010).

Original source

Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009 McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014 Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010)

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Supporting Argument 2:

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Supporting Argument 2

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The development of depression and heavy drinking has been associated with childhood trauma according to several studies.

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There have been several studies that as- sociated the development of depression and heavy

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Through its effect on the stress response, childhood trauma may lead to depression.

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Childhood trauma may lead to depres- sion through its

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Individuals who experience traumatic events in childhood have a lower toler- ance for stress and consequently may be more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events in adulthood compared to those who experience no childhood trauma in childhood.

Original source

Individuals with traumatic events in child- hood had a lower tolerance for stress in adulthood, and consequently may be more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events compared to those who do not experience trauma in childhood

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Major depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety are more likely to develop in individuals who experienced multiple childhood trauma compared to those who experience no childhood trauma (Colman et al., 2013).

Original source

Recent stress and depression was more likely experienced by those who reported childhood trauma compared to those with no childhood trauma

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Add supporting arguments as needed.

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Add supporting arguments as needed

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If you have more than three arguments, place them in the same format as the others here:

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(If you have more than three arguments, place them in the same format as the others here)

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Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals. Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your position. How would you reply to these counterarguments? Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature.

Original source

Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your position How would you reply to these counterarguments Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature

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These are your rebuttals. COUNTERAR- GUMENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

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These are your rebuttals COUNTERARGU- MENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

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Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood and may create a lifelong vulnerability to stress. The asso- ciations between childhood trauma, re- cent stress, and depression/heavy drink- ing from 1994/95 to 2008/09 were ex- plored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stressful events on depression/heavy drinking

Original source

Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood, and may create a lifelong vulnerability to stress The associ- ations among childhood trauma, recent stress and depression/heavy drinking from 1994/1995 to 2008/2009 were ex- plored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stressful events on depression/heavy drinking

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Summary and conclusion.

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Summary and conclusion

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APA reference list. (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided).

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APA reference list (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided)

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(Year of publication). Title of the article.

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(Year of publication) Title of the article

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Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number.

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Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number

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number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/ Sample reference for a journal article:

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number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/ Sample reference for a journal article

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M., Perry, N. E., & Frenzel, A.

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M., Perry, N E., & Frenzel, A

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Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological needs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165.

Original source

Teachers’ relatedness with students An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological needs Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165

1

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https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253 Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate.

Original source

https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253 Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate

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Impact of childhood trauma and cognit- ive emotion regulation strategies on risk- aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with depression.

Original source

Impact of childhood trauma and cognit- ive emotion regulation strategies on risk- aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with depression

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Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron.

Original source

Colman, Ian Garad, Yasmin Zeng, Yiye Naicker, Kiyuri Weeks, Murray Patten, Scott Jones, Peter Thompson, Angus Wild, T

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Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: Moder- ating effects of childhood trauma.

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Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood Moder- ating effects of childhood trauma

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Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology.

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Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology

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10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8.

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DOI 10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8

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The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression.

Original source

The ABCs of depression integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence ofthe gender difference in depression

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Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year: The moder- ating roles of daily stress–sadness react- ivity and the cortisol awakening response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 65(3), Apr 2018.

Original source

Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year The moder- ating roles of daily stress-sadness react- ivity and the cortisol awakening response Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 334-345

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Emotion Regulation Is Associated with PTSD and Depression Among Female Ad- olescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Cindy Chang, Antonia N. Kaczkurkin, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa University of Pennsylvania

Original source

Emotion Regulation Is Associated With PTSD and Depression Among Female Ad- olescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Kaczkurkin, Carmen P McLean, and Edna B Foa University of Pennsylvania

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3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

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PSYC 3540 Debate Preparation and Sum- mary Worksheet

1

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both sections and submit

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Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet

2

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your perspective on the cause of depression

3

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Your position should include the following:

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Your position should include the following

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A position statement (

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Your Position Statement

1

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A brief summary of each argument that you

Original source

A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position

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should construct three arguments for your position.

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You should construct three arguments for your position

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1 PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet Date: To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and sub- mit the full worksheet.

Original source

PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic Com- plete both sections and submit the full worksheet

1

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Debate Preparation 1.

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Debate Preparation 1

2

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Your position statement.

Original source

Your Position Statement

1

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic.

Original source

In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic

3

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Your position should include the following:

Original source

Your position should include the following

1

Student paper

A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should construct three ar- guments for your position.

Original source

A position statement (pro or con) A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position You should construct three arguments for your position

1

Student paper

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments.

Original source

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments

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SafeAssign Originality Report PSYC-FP3540 - Winter 2021 - Section 02 • [u03a1] Debate Preparation

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1 Highest Match

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PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Date:

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections

and submit the full worksheet.

Section 1: Debate Preparation 1. Your position statement. In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavor-

able view of the debate topic. Your position should include the following: A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you

would present to support your position. You should construct three arguments for your position. 2. Your summary of the arguments that support your position

and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments. Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so many reasons as to why people are affected by depression, so much so that the discussion of depression is on-going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are so many factors that come into play with the causes of depression. However, I believe cognitively that a person can be made susceptible to depression

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Supporting Argument 1: Internationally, approximately 19.7% of women have experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, &

Gomez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b). Survivors who have experienced childhood sexual abuse are at an increased rate of developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood adversities ((Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the psychiatric disorders most fre- quently linked to childhood sexual abuse (PSTD; Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009; McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014; Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010). Supporting Argument 2: People are confronted with several alternative options and need to choose for acquiring and avoiding these

alternatives. The high-level cognitive process which precedes the choice is referred to as "decision" and the phenomenon is called "decision-making" (Miyapuram & Pammi, 2013). Decision-making is involved with a complex cognitive process such as reward-related learning, expecting utility, and valuation process (Miyapuram & Pammi, 2013). Past experiences, context, motivation, and attention are many factors that can influence the decision-making process and one of many factors which can be considered is the affective state or psychiatric disorders (Shad, Bidesi, Chen, Ernst, & Rao, 2011) Supporting Argument 3: The development of depression

and heavy drinking has been associated with childhood trauma according to several studies. Sexual abuse, parental divorce, and exposure to violence are a few of the traumatic events associated with depression and heavy drinking based on the severity and frequency of the event. Through its effect on the stress response,

childhood trauma may lead to depression. Individuals who experience traumatic events in childhood have a lower tolerance for stress and consequently may be

more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events in adulthood compared to those who experience no childhood trauma in childhood. Major

depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety are more likely to develop in individuals who experienced multiple childhood trauma compared to those who experience no childhood trauma (Colman et al., 2013). Add supporting arguments as needed. If you have more than three arguments, place them in the

same format as the others here:

Section 2: Counterarguments 3. Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals. Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your

position. How would you reply to these counterarguments? Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature. These are your rebuttals.

COUNTERARGUMENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

Samantha's counterargument was that due to positive experiences, serotonin is released into our central nervous system. If our central nervous system is not func- tioning well, it can alter our decision-making process based on our mood or emotion, as well as cause depression.

Yes, I agree that hormones such as serotonin do affect our central nervous system, and when our central nervous system is affected, it does alter our decision-making process, and could also lead to depression, from the cognitive aspect, there are other factors to consider. First, decision-making or judgment is based on cognitive in- terpretation in the context of how people discriminate among choices (Greifeneder et al., 2011). Second, emotional states provoked by ambiguous stimuli or situ- ations and negative cognitive interpretations of the corresponding affective states and stimuli or situations may bring about unwise decisions in daily life (Hartley & Phelps, 2012).

Keely's counterargument was that not all subjects of childhood trauma lead to alcohol addiction, also, that various stressors can alter brain development and functioning.

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Now, while I agree that not all individuals who suffer childhood trauma become addicted to alcohol, there are individuals who do experience heavy drinking due to childhood trauma. Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood and may create a lifelong vulnerability to

stress. The associations between childhood trauma, recent stress, and depression/heavy drinking from 1994/95 to 2008/09 were explored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stress- ful events on depression/heavy drinking

Shadonna’s counterargument was that both men and women experience sexual abuse and that the relationship between childhood histories of abuse and symptoms of personality disorders are mediated by mentalizing. Now, I do agree that both men and women experience sexual abuse and that sexual abuse is not the only factor that can cause depression in women, however, this argument was specifically on childhood sexual abuse and how it affects women when it comes to depression. To add to this argument, 28 to 33% of women and 12 to 18% of men were victims of childhood or adolescent sexual abuse (Roland, 2002, as cited in Long et al., 2006).

4. Summary and conclusion. (Use this section as a way to summarize the debate) The counterarguments opposing my position were a) due to positive

experiences, serotonin is released into our central nervous system. If our central nervous system is not functioning well, it can alter our decision-making process based on our mood or emotion, as well as cause depression, b) not all subjects of childhood trauma lead to alcohol addiction, also, that various stressors can alter the brains development and functioning, and c) both men and women experience sexual abuse and the relationship between childhood histories of abuse and symptoms of personality disorders are mediated by mentalizing. My rebuttals to the counterarguments that opposed my position are as follows a) cognitive interpretation of how people discriminate among choices affect our decision-making or judgement (Greifeneder et al., 2011), emotional states provoked by ambiguous stimuli or situ- ations and negative cognitive interpretations of the corresponding affective states and stimuli or situations may bring about unwise decisions in daily life (Hartley & Phelps, 2012), and finally, several previous studies provided evidence that loss aversion reflect amygdale hyper-activation, which inhibits actions when outcomes are anticipated as aversive through avoidance response (Canessa et al., 2013; De Martino et al., 2010), b) individuals who experience two or more childhood trauma were at a higher risk of becoming depressed and/or drinking heavily compared to individuals who had no childhood trauma and c) women who experienced childhood sexual abuse are more susceptible to depression because with childhood sexual abuse comes factors such as body issues related to feeling dirty or ugly and dissatis- faction with body appearance, eating disorders, and obesity. There are so many different perspectives as to what causes depression, so much so that it is an ongoing discussion. Depression doesn't have one definitive cause, but as someone who has suffered from depression and has experienced others who suffer from depression, the cognitive perspective is the most valid and reasonable to me. From my experience, cognitive experiences such as trauma, stress, body shaming, and many other environmental factors play a key factor when it comes to depression. For example, childhood trauma may exert effects on future depression and alcohol- ism through divergent stress-response pathways (Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron, 2012), as well as cognitive interpretation of how people discriminate among choices affect our decision-making or judgement (Greifeneder, Bless, & Pham, 2011). In conclusion, I stand firm in my position that cognitive factors and the cognitive perspective are the most valid and reasonable positions.

5. APA reference list. (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided). (Year of publication).

Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number. DOI: number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/

Sample reference for a journal article:

Klassen R M Perry N E & Frenzel A C (2012) Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological

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Klassen, R. M., Perry, N. E., & Frenzel, A. C. (2012). Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological

needs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165. https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253

Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate.

References

implications. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas11/Article_19.pdf

Hyun Jung Huha, Kwangyeol Baekb,c, Jae-Hyung Kwonb, Jaeseung Jeongb, and Jeong-Ho Chaea.

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(2017). Impact of childhood trauma and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on risk-aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with

depression. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Vol 21(6), Nov 2016. pp. 447-461.

Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron. (2012).

Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: Moderating effects of childhood trauma. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology.

48. 10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8. The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender dif-

ference in depression. Psychological Review, Vol 115(2), Apr 2008. pp. 291-313

Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year: The moderating roles of daily stress–sadness reactivity and the cortisol awakening

response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 65(3), Apr 2018. pp. 334-345.

Emotion Regulation Is Associated with PTSD and Depression Among Female Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Cindy Chang, Antonia N.

Kaczkurkin, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa University of Pennsylvania

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PSYC

-

FP

3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Date:

To prepare for

your hypothetical

debate

, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned

from your research

about the topic.

Complete

both sections and submit

the full worksh

eet.

Section 1:

Debate Preparation

1.

Your

p

osition

s

tatement.

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your

favorable or unfavorable

view of

the

debate topic.

Your position should include the following:

·

A position statement (

pro

or

con

).

·

A brief summary of each argument that you

would

present to support your position.

Y

ou

should construct three arguments for your position.

2.

Your summary of the

a

rguments

that support your position

and

the researched

-

based

e

vidence

to support those arguments.

Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect

anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so

many reasons as to why people are affe

cted by depression, so much so that the discussion of

depression is on

-

going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are

1 PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet Date: To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have

learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet. Section 1: Debate Preparation 1. Your position

statement. In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic. Your position should in-

clude the following: A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should con-

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2

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struct three arguments for your position. 2. Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those

arguments. Many people are affected by depression at some point in their life. Depression could affect anyone, from yourself to family members, close friends, and anyone else in general. There are so many reasons as to why people are affected by depression, so much so that the discussion of depression is on-going. No one can pinpoint the exact cause of depression considering there are

1

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PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

Original source

PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

1

Student paper

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet.

Original source

To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet

1

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Debate Preparation 1.

Original source

Debate Preparation 1

2

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Your position statement.

Original source

Your Position Statement

1

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic.

Original source

In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic

3

Student paper

Your position should include the following:

Original source

Your position should include the following

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A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should construct three arguments for your position.

Original source

A position statement (pro or con) A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position You should construct three arguments for your position

1

Student paper

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments.

Original source

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments

2/24/2021 Originality Report

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Supporting Argument 1:

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Supporting Argument 1

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Internationally, approximately 19.7% of women have experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, & Gomez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b). Survivors who have experienced child- hood sexual abuse are at an increased rate of developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood ad- versities ((Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001; Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005). Posttrau- matic stress disorder is one of the psy- chiatric disorders most frequently linked to childhood sexual abuse (PSTD;

Original source

Internationally, it is estimated that 19.7% of women have ex- perienced sexual ab- use prior to the age of 18 (Pereda, Guilera, Forns, & Gómez -Benito, 2009a, 2009b) After experiencing childhood sexual abuse, survivors are at increased risk for developing psychopathology even after controlling for other childhood adversities (Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001 Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005) One of the psychiatric disorders most frequently linked to childhood sexual abuse is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD

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Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009; McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014; Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010).

Original source

Foa, Chrestman, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2009 McLean, Morris, Conklin, Jayawickreme, & Foa, 2014 Simon, Feiring, & Kobielski McElroy, 2010)

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Supporting Argument 2:

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Supporting Argument 2

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The development of depression and heavy drinking has been associated with childhood trauma according to several studies.

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There have been several studies that as- sociated the development of depression and heavy

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Through its effect on the stress response, childhood trauma may lead to depression.

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Childhood trauma may lead to depres- sion through its

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Individuals who experience traumatic events in childhood have a lower toler- ance for stress and consequently may be more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events in adulthood compared to those who experience no childhood trauma in childhood.

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Individuals with traumatic events in child- hood had a lower tolerance for stress in adulthood, and consequently may be more likely to develop mental illness after stressful life events compared to those who do not experience trauma in childhood

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Major depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety are more likely to develop in individuals who experienced multiple childhood trauma compared to those who experience no childhood trauma (Colman et al., 2013).

Original source

Recent stress and depression was more likely experienced by those who reported childhood trauma compared to those with no childhood trauma

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Add supporting arguments as needed.

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Add supporting arguments as needed

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If you have more than three arguments, place them in the same format as the others here:

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(If you have more than three arguments, place them in the same format as the others here)

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Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals. Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your position. How would you reply to these counterarguments? Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature.

Original source

Possible counterarguments to your position, and your rebuttals Consider possible counterarguments that can challenge your position How would you reply to these counterarguments Think about potential counterarguments that you have read in the literature

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These are your rebuttals. COUNTERAR- GUMENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

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These are your rebuttals COUNTERARGU- MENTS REBUTTALS (with citations as appropriate)

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Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood and may create a lifelong vulnerability to stress. The asso- ciations between childhood trauma, re- cent stress, and depression/heavy drink- ing from 1994/95 to 2008/09 were ex- plored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stressful events on depression/heavy drinking

Original source

Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood, and may create a lifelong vulnerability to stress The associ- ations among childhood trauma, recent stress and depression/heavy drinking from 1994/1995 to 2008/2009 were ex- plored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stressful events on depression/heavy drinking

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Summary and conclusion.

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Summary and conclusion

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APA reference list. (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided).

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APA reference list (Format your journal article citations as follows:) Author last name, initials of first and middle names (if provided)

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(Year of publication). Title of the article.

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(Year of publication) Title of the article

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Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number.

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Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page number–page number

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number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/ Sample reference for a journal article:

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number (if any), preceded by https://doi.org/ Sample reference for a journal article

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M., Perry, N. E., & Frenzel, A.

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M., Perry, N E., & Frenzel, A

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Teachers’ relatedness with students: An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological needs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165.

Original source

Teachers’ relatedness with students An underemphasized component of teachers’ basic psychological needs Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 150–165

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https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253 Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate.

Original source

https//doi.org/10.1037/a0026253 Use this area below to format the references you will use in the debate

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Impact of childhood trauma and cognit- ive emotion regulation strategies on risk- aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with depression.

Original source

Impact of childhood trauma and cognit- ive emotion regulation strategies on risk- aversive and loss-aversive patterns of decision-making in patients with depression

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Colman, Ian & Garad, Yasmin & Zeng, Yiye & Naicker, Kiyuri & Weeks, Murray & Patten, Scott & Jones, Peter & Thompson, Gus & Wild, T Cameron.

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Colman, Ian Garad, Yasmin Zeng, Yiye Naicker, Kiyuri Weeks, Murray Patten, Scott Jones, Peter Thompson, Angus Wild, T

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Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: Moder- ating effects of childhood trauma.

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Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood Moder- ating effects of childhood trauma

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Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology.

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Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology

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10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8.

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DOI 10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8

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The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression.

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The ABCs of depression integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence ofthe gender difference in depression

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Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year: The moder- ating roles of daily stress–sadness react- ivity and the cortisol awakening response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 65(3), Apr 2018.

Original source

Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year The moder- ating roles of daily stress-sadness react- ivity and the cortisol awakening response Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 334-345

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Emotion Regulation Is Associated with PTSD and Depression Among Female Ad- olescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Cindy Chang, Antonia N. Kaczkurkin, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa University of Pennsylvania

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Emotion Regulation Is Associated With PTSD and Depression Among Female Ad- olescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Kaczkurkin, Carmen P McLean, and Edna B Foa University of Pennsylvania

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3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet

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PSYC 3540 Debate Preparation and Sum- mary Worksheet

1

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both sections and submit

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Complete both sections and submit the full worksheet

2

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your perspective on the cause of depression

3

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Your position should include the following:

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Your position should include the following

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A position statement (

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Your Position Statement

1

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A brief summary of each argument that you

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A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position

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should construct three arguments for your position.

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You should construct three arguments for your position

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1 PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet Date: To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic. Complete both sections and sub- mit the full worksheet.

Original source

PSYC-FP3540 Debate Preparation and Summary Worksheet To prepare for your hypothetical debate, use this worksheet to synthesize what you have learned from your research about the topic Com- plete both sections and submit the full worksheet

1

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Debate Preparation 1.

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Debate Preparation 1

2

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Your position statement.

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Your Position Statement

1

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic.

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In the space below, construct a position statement that reflects your favorable or unfavorable view of the debate topic

3

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Your position should include the following:

Original source

Your position should include the following

1

Student paper

A position statement (pro or con). A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position. You should construct three ar- guments for your position.

Original source

A position statement (pro or con) A brief summary of each argument that you would present to support your position You should construct three arguments for your position

1

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Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments.

Original source

Your summary of the arguments that support your position and the researched-based evidence to support those arguments

\f CAPELLA UNIVERSITY

Debate Topics Choose one of the following topics from the Taking Sides text to prepare as if you were going to engage in a debate. Issue: Is affirmative action an effective way to reverse racial inequality? Yes: Chauncey DeVega, from "White America's Toxic Ignorance: Abigail Fisher, Antonin Scalia and the Real Privilege That Goes Unspoken," Salon (2015). No: Richard Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr., from "The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action," The Atlantic (2012). Chauncey DeVega, a political essayist and cultural critic, presents a significant review of the history of racial discrimination and exclusion that African Americans have experienced throughout the history of the nation. Given this history and the prevalence of white skin privilege throughout history, DeVega views affirmative action as a modest attempt to foster equal opportunity. According to DeVega, opposition to affirmative action is often informed by ignorance and racism. Richard Sander, a UCLA law professor and economist, and Stuart Taylor Jr., contributing editor for National Journal and a contributing editor at Newsweek, are concerned that affirmative action in college admissions has evolved into a program of racial preferences that do harm to both minority students and the colleges that they attend. Sander and Taylor are also concerned that colleges are not responding to the need to reform such programs.

Issue: Is “stand your ground” legislation race neutral? Yes: Patrik Jonsson, from "Racial Bias and 'Stand Your Ground' Laws: What the Data Show," The Christian Science Monitor (2013). No: Sabrina Strings, from "Protecting What's White: A New Look at Stand Your Ground Laws," The Feminist Wire (2014). Patrik Jonsson, a staff writer for The Christian Science Monitor who writes about race and gun rights, argues that “stand your ground” laws are not racially biased. He believes that such legislation is a response to the increasing concern with self-defense that has been generated by events such as 9/11 and the high rate of crime. Sabrina Strings, a sociologist at the University of California who teaches in the School of Public Health and Sociology, believes that “stand your ground” laws are not racially neutral and are primarily directed at African Americans. To Strings, “stand your ground” laws are reflective of an historical tendency to protect whites and their property from a perceived threat from African Americans, especially black males.

Issue: Should children of undocumented immigrants have a birthright to U.S. citizenship? Yes: Eric Foner, from "Birthright Citizenship Sets America Apart," The Cap Times (2010). No: George F. Will, from "An Argument to Be Made about Immigrant Babies and Citizenship," The Washington Post (2010).

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\f CAPELLA UNIVERSITY Distinguished professor of history at Columbia University, Eric Foner, examines the legal and constitutional basis for granting birthright citizenship and argues that this right illuminates the strength of American society. Conservative newspaper columnist and commentator, George F. Will, is troubled by the facile tendency to grant birthright citizenship to the children of undocumented immigrants. He views this practice as reflecting a misinterpretation of the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment. He vigorously opposes this policy.

Issue: Is there a need for a permanent voting rights act? Yes: Linda Greenhouse, from "The More Things Change…," The New York Times (2013). No: Abigail Thernstrom, from "Redistricting, Race, and the Voting Rights Act," National Affairs (2010). Linda Greenhouse writes about the Supreme Court for the New York Times. She expresses concern about the Court’s attempts to invalidate Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. She leaves us with the implication that this development is due to the ascendency of conservatism in American politics and the continuing impact of race in legal and political decision making. Abigail Thernstrom, a political scientist, is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute in New York. She has written extensively on race and voting rights. She argues that it is time to end race- driven districting and that certain sections, especially Section 5, of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are no longer needed.

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