CHAPTER 38 From Reading to Writing 555

operations. Of the cleared Americans arrested for espionage or attempted espionage during the past twenty years, 26 percent were arrested before they could do any damage, and 17 percent were caught during their first year of betrayal. This is not surprising, as counterintelligence agents knor,v many of the foreign intelligence officers active in the United States and know where they r,r,'ork, where they live, where they hang out, and hor.v they ply their trade. Any would-be spy who doesn't know how the counterintelligence system works is likely to be caught in the counterintelligence web.

Espionage usuaily requires keeping or preparing materials at home, traveling to signal sites or secret meetings at unusual times and places, a change in one's financiai status with no corresponding change in job income, and periods of high stress that affect behavior. All of these changes in the normal pattern of behavior often come to the attention of other people and must be explained. Other people become suspicious and pass their suspicions on. This sometimes comes out during the periodic security clearance reinvestigation.

Spying is a lonely business. To explain these changes in behavior, or because of a need to confide in someone else, spies often confide in a spouse or try to enlist the help of a friend. The friend or spouse in rvhom the spv confides often does not remain a friend or loyal spouse after he or she realizes u'hat is going on.

Most people r'vho betray their country are not thinking rationally, or they u,ould not be involved in such a self-destructive activify. They are driven, in large part, by irrational emotional needs to feel important, successful, powerful, or to get even or to take risks. These emotional needs are out of control, so the same emotional needs that lead them to betray also cause them to flaunt their sudden affluence or to brag about their involvement in some mysterious activity. Because they are so mixed up psychologically, they make mistakes that get them caught.

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tlew 9pies Sre 9es.s-hl This process essay recounts how spies are caught. As you read the text, also look for

definition and cause and effect writing patterns.

Espionage is a high-risk criminal offense. The traitor must fear arrest for the

rest of his or her life, as the statute of limitations does not apply to espionage.

Former National security Agency employee Robert Lipka was arrested in 1996-thirty years after he left NSA and twenty-two years after his last contact with Soviet intelligence. There are four principal ways by which spies are

detected: Reporting by u.S. sources within the foreign intelligence service, routine counterintelligence monitoring, a tip from a friend or spouse, or the traitor's own mistakes.

Of the Americans who held a security clearance who have been arrested

for espionage, about half were caught as a result of information provided by a

defector from the foreign intelligence service or an agent or friend within the foreign service that the spy was working for. People who betray their country

often have little fear of being caught because they think they are smarter than

everyone else. They think they can easily get away with it. However, no matter

how smart or clever a spy may be, he or she has no protection against U.S.

Government sources within the other intelligence service.

If the spy is not reported by sources within the other intelligence seryice, there is a strong likelihood of detection through routine counterintelligence

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