2020/12/8 Final Paper

https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/assignments/624495?module_item_id=1015820 1/3

Final Paper

Due Dec 15 by 11:59pm Points 20 Submitting a file upload File Types doc, docx, and pdf Available Dec 2 at 12am - Dec 15 at 11:59pm 14 days

Submit Assignment

Incorrect File/Late Assignment Policy

Unfortunately, because of the quick turnaround for grading, we cannot accept late assignments for the final project. Additionally, please note that it is your responsibility to ensure that:

1. You have submitted the file on time 2. You have submitted the correct file 3. The file is functional

You must double check all of these things to make sure that everything is accurate and accounted for before the deadline. This means that you should upload your files ahead of the final deadline.

Don't Forget Part 2!

Make sure to remember to also submit your PowerPoint Slides!

Formatting

Remember to use 1-inch margins and 12-point Times New Roman or Calibri font. Aside from your name/information at the top of the page, your extra credit codebook, and block quotes (if you use them), the paper should be double spaced. Please refer to the Final Paper.docx example.

Ethics and User Privacy

Although the data you are working with is publicly available, my personal preference is still to provide some privacy to the people are you studying. If you are including a quote from the subreddit in your paper, try to reword it slightly (this is still paraphrasing, but it is being done for a different reason than the paraphrasing you are doing with your literature review). If you need to refer to a specific user, give them a pseudonym (even though they are already using one).

Editing Your Paper

As you edit, make sure to refer to "An Important Note on Paraphrasing" and "Notes on Literature Review and Research" while you work on your literature review section. Another helpful page is Multiple Articles, Multiple Authors, and the "et al." Rule.

In terms of some writing conventions:

Numbers one through ten are written out with letters, while 11 and up use numerals Paragraphs should be indented and should be 4-8 sentences long (and nowhere near a full page)

2020/12/8 Final Paper

https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/assignments/624495?module_item_id=1015820 2/3

You should include the following sections (with headings):

Introduction (1/2 to 1 page) Cite any information that is not your own original thought!

Literature Review (1/4 to 1/2 page) Use 3-5 peer-reviewed academic articles (https://www.angelo.edu/services/library/handouts/peerrev.php) Make sure to cite! Please use any citation format you would like.

Methods (1/4 to 1/2 page) How you collected the data/from where Why you made the decisions you made What programs you used for what analyses (this can include word processing documents)

Findings and Analysis (3 pages - one per theme) Subsections for themes, which are the patterns you have identified in the data (try to divide space as evenly as possible)

Conclusion (1/2 to 1 page) Discuss the broad important points the reader should walk away knowing, but add information on:

Limitations Future research

References Please use any citation format you would like.

OPTIONAL: Extra Credit Code Book As illustrated in the example, this is just showing how you identified and applied specific themes)

As a reminder of your citation guides:

APA Guide (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/referen MLA Guide (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_wo Chicago Guide (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_an

ASA Guide (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/asa_style/references_page_formatting.html)

Try to vary your language in your writing to avoid being too repetitive (usually you can pick up on this while editing - and you should edit!)

Here's a little joke since you are going to be writing a version of an academic-style paper.

2020/12/8 Final Paper

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2020/12/8 How to recognize peer-reviewed journals

https://www.angelo.edu/library/handouts/peerrev.php 1/2

Library Guides How to recognize peer-reviewed (refereed) journals In many cases professors will require that students utilize articles from “peer-reviewed” journals. Sometimes the phrases “refereed journals” or “scholarly journals” are used to describe the same type of journals. But what are peer-reviewed (or refereed or scholarly) journal articles, and why do faculty require their use?

Three categories of information resources:

Newspapers and magazines containing news - Articles are written by reporters who may or may not be experts in the �eld of the article. Consequently, articles may contain incorrect information. Journals containing articles written by academics and/or professionals — Although the articles are written by “experts,” any particular “expert” may have some ideas that are really “out there!” Peer-reviewed (refereed or scholarly) journals - Articles are written by experts and are reviewed by several other experts in the �eld before the article is published in the journal in order to ensure the article’s quality. (The article is more likely to be scienti�cally valid, reach reasonable conclusions, etc.) In most cases the reviewers do not know who the author of the article is, so that the article succeeds or fails on its own merit, not the reputation of the expert.

Helpful hint!

Not all information in a peer-reviewed journal is actually refereed, or reviewed. For example, editorials, letters to the editor, book reviews, and other types of information don’t count as articles, and may not be accepted by your professor.

How do you determine whether an article quali�es as being a peer-reviewed journal article?

First, you need to be able to identify which journals are peer-reviewed. There are generally four methods for doing this

1. Limiting a database search to peer-reviewed journals only. Some databases allow you to limit searches for articles to peer reviewed journals only. For example, Academic Search Complete has this feature on the initial search screen - click on the pertinent box to limit the search. In some databases you may have to go to an “advanced” or “expert” search screen to do this. Remember, many databases do not allow you to limit your search in this way.

2. Checking in the database Ulrichsweb.com to determine if the journal is indicated as being peer-reviewed. If you cannot limit your initial search to peer-reviewed journals, you will need to check to see if the source of an article is a peer-reviewed journal. This can be done by searching the database Ulrichsweb.com. Go to the alphabetical listing of databases and click on the “U”. Select Ulrichsweb.com. It helps to type in the exact title of the source journal including any initial A, AN, or THE in the title. If you don’t �nd the journal you are interested in, you may want to utilize Method 3 below. If your journal title IS displayed, check to see if the journal is indicated as being refereed by having the symbol next to the title.

3. Examining the publication to see if it is peer-reviewed. If by using the �rst two methods you were unable to identify if a journal (and an article therein) is peer-reviewed, you may then need to examine the journal physically or look at additional pages of the journal online to determine if it is peer-reviewed. This method is not always successful with resources available only online. The following steps are suggested:

Home / Porter Henderson Library / Library Research Tools / How to recognize peer-reviewed journalsI N T H I S S E C T I O N

M E N U

2020/12/8 How to recognize peer-reviewed journals

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a. Locate the journal in the Library or online, then identify the most current entire year’s issues. b. Locate the masthead of the publication. This oftentimes consists of a box towards either the front or the end of

the periodical, and contains publication information such as the editors of the journal, the publisher, the place of publication, the subscription cost and similar information.

c. Does the journal say that it is peer-reviewed? If so, you’re done! If not, move on to step d. d. Check in and around the masthead to locate the method for submitting articles to the publication.  If you �nd

information similar to “to submit articles, send three copies…”, the journal is probably peer-reviewed. In this case, you are inferring that the publication is then going to send the multiple copies of the article to the journal’s reviewers. This may not always be the case, so relying upon this criterion alone may prove inaccurate.

e. If you do not see this type of statement in the �rst issue of the journal that you look at, examine the remaining journals to see if this information is included. Sometimes publications will include this information in only a single issue a year.

f. Is it scholarly, using technical terminology? Does the article format approximate the following - abstract, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, and references? Are the articles written by scholarly researchers in the �eld that the periodical pertains to? Is advertising non-existent, or kept to a minimum? Are there references listed in footnotes or bibliographies? If you answered yes to all these questions , the journal may very well be peer- reviewed. This determination would be strengthened by having met the previous criterion of a multiple-copies submission requirement. If you answered these questions no, the journal is probably not peer-reviewed.

4. Find the o�cial web site on the internet, and check to see if it states that the journal is peer-reviewed. Be careful to use the o�cial site (often located at the journal publisher’s web site), and, even then, information could potentially be “inaccurate.”

Helpful hint!

If you have used the previous four methods in trying to determine if an article is from a peer-reviewed journal and are still unsure, speak to your instructor.

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2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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An Important Note on Paraphrasing Citing and Paraphrasing Here are some tips and reminders for organizing sources for your literature review. Remember that you do need peer-reviewed academic articles (https://guides.lib.uci.edu/databases) for your literature review. In case you need to double check on this, please refer back to the Week 2 Navigation (https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/pages/week-2-navigation-lecture-videos- readings-and-materials-here) .

I wanted to also make sure that everyone knows that there are two things you need to do consistently in your very short literature review: citing (https://guides.lib.uci.edu/citations) and paraphrasing (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphrasing_and_sum marizing/paraphrasing.html) .

Some Examples Centering on the Main Point Because you have so little space to work with, you really want to try to get the major points from your articles. There is no time to go into details or summarize. Your job is to boil them down to the most important, most relevant points.

For example, if I wanted to direct people to understanding the hostilities that can be experienced online, I might cite the Gray (2012) article:

The relatively anonymous nature of many online interactions can allow for gendered and racialized forms of hostility to flourish (Gray, 2012).

This is, in my own words, what that article is about and a point that could be relevant to my own work, depending on what I am investigating.

Re-wording from your Source Maybe I need a more specific summary than referring to the broad findings/conclusions of the paper. Perhaps there is a point that really stands out that I could use.

Original: "From what the participants reveal, White women either do not view their experiences in the space as sexist or do not acknowledge it. They accept it as part of gaming in the male universe, very similar to MM" (Gray, 2012).

Rewording: Race can have an important impact on how individuals interpret a space. For example, White women may not perceive the culture in gaming spaces as exclusionary based on gender (Gray, 2012).

2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Synthesizing your Information It is important to find the links between your sources, which can happen in a variety of ways that may not always be obvious. I am going to show you some made up citations in this example. Keep in mind that these are examples of paraphrased information.

*As a side note, I'm also going to show examples of what you can do if two authors talk about something very similar. So if I have two authors who I can summarize the conclusions of their study to something along the lines of "gendered hostility exists online," I can cite them at the same time. If I wanted to take specific aspects of that unique to one article or the other, I would need to cite them separately.

My Sources Do Not Feel Related

Online interaction can present a wide array of benefits to people in terms of socializing (Chen, 2014). While this is the case, the anonymity in online spaces can allow for many hostile and negative interactions (Rodriguez, 2016; Xie, 2017). On the other hand, there are many things in people's physical world lives that bring them together. For instance, people often bond over their shared enjoyment of nature (Johnson, 2013). Does this tendency to use nature to bond translate to online interaction, despite the possibility for hostility?

**As another side note, we know that there are other factors that can come into this, especially on Reddit. We have subreddit cultures, community policing through up/downvotes, and moderation that can change the tone. You can account for this in limitations and/or future directions (e.g., we might want to understand spaces with less potential community policing).

My Sources Are Very Related

In this case (and realistically others, but it is probably easiest to do here), you want to go from the big idea to more specific examples. You are probably going to have a lot of overlap when you have highly related sources, so it is good to see where you interpretation is coming from multiple sources. Here, I am showing real information, but attributed to fake sources. The main focus is just on piecing everything together.

Video games have become increasingly popular across the globe (Ayoade, 2013; Garrett, 2014). In the United States, in fact, the majority of households have a gaming system (Ayoade, 2013). Contrary to popular stereotypes, however, this is not just because households have teenage boys (Chen, 2015). In fact, the average age of video game players is about 33 years old (Association of Online Entertainment [AOE], 2019). With the importance of video games as a source of entertainment, how do people discuss their hobby in online forums?

***As yet another side note, I know in some fields there tends to be a heavy focus on where information came from and who the authors are as people, not just their last names. In social sciences, we don't really do this. We don't refer specifically to the articles or the people who wrote them outside of statements like, "According to Fielding (2008)..." that lead into information about the findings. Everything else relevant is in the reference list.

2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Also, in case you actually want to know where to find stats on video game use, check the Entertainment Software Association (https://www.theesa.com/resource_type/fact-sheets/) (they also have some international information).

Some Reminders The literature review does not have to be perfect (beyond making sure to edit) and it does not need to link completely with your project. If you have literature just on online forums and interactions, that is okay. If you have literature tangentially related, like if you are looking at posts of cute animals and you have information on how pets make people feel, that is okay. Maybe you could find information on how being in nature is calming and maybe you want to talk about how people seek that out online, but you cannot exactly show that? That works. You can let us know about any shortcomings in the conclusion where you discuss limitations and future directions.

While that is the case, paraphrasing is important. Make sure to paraphrase and cite to ensure that there are no issues with plagiarism.

2020/12/8 Multiple Articles, Multiple Authors, and the "et al." Rule: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/pages/multiple-articles-multiple-authors-and-the-et-al-dot-rule 1/3

Multiple Articles, Multiple Authors, and the "et al." Rule This page is meant to give a few notes on citations, just in case. While you can use any citation format that you would like, there are some odd rules that pop up and some things might be confusing. While you will not lose points based on minor details in your citations, it is important that your reader can tell where information came from!

To make sure your citations are clear, here are a few things to keep in mind:

Multiple Articles with Similar Points

If I am in a situation where many articles are talking about essentially the same thing, I can attribute the point of similarity to many different sources. It is probably easiest to do this in a "parenthetical citation." This is a citation that comes at the end of a sentence.

For example, if I have a lot of people all saying that developing skills is important for well-being, I could say something like:

Many studies note that skill development can be important for well-being (Dawson, 2020; Pascal, 2019).

^The above is one summary based on two completely separate articles.

Multiple Authors in the Same Article

If I am in a situation where I have multiple people who worked on the same article, then I list things differently. My reader needs to know that all of this information is from ONE source, which they can find in my reference list.

For example, I might have one article that talks about the importance of humor in managing difficult situations:

Humor can often be also be used as a means of reducing stress (Waititi, Ayoade, & Tudyk, 2007).

OR

According to Waititi, Ayoade, and Tudyk (2007), humor can often be used as a means of reducing stress.

^The above sentences are two ways to do essentially the same thing. The date always stays with my set of authors linked to a specific article. This lets the reader know that it is one source of information and they can find that specific article under "Waititi" in the references.

A Mix of the Above Considerations

2020/12/8 Multiple Articles, Multiple Authors, and the "et al." Rule: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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I might also have a situation where some of my sources have multiple authors and some have single authors, but they make similar points. I still want to make sure that it is clear to the reader where things are coming from and whether or not an idea is linked to just one source or multiple and whether or not those sources have single authors or more than one author.

Incidentally, there are a lot of rules about how to order multiple citations in one citation set. We will stick with alphabetical based on first author name. Never re-order your authors. Keep the order listed on the article (or book or chapter).

For example:

Conventions are just one way for people to gather around shared interests (Day, 2007; Smith & Gillan, 2010). According to Tennant and Sheen (2019), there are also many ways that people can share interests online. This can take the form of art, writing, or just general discussion. Online discussion can focus on specific characters and their relationships (Saldana & Pratt, 2014; Tennant & Sheen, 2019) or on assessments of how well characters are written and acted (Abtahi & Esposito, 2019; Dawson, 2020; Sackhoff & Park, 2007).

^In the example above, Day (2007) is a separate article from Smith and Gillan (2010), which is one article with two authors. The semicolon in the citation lets the reader know that these are two separate articles. They do, however, find something very similar in their articles.

Tennant and Sheen (2019) add some extra information that does not line up exactly with the last thought, but complements it. When I introduce a thought like this, I can cover a couple of sentences if necessary. With a citation in parentheses at the end of a sentence, however, I can only cover that one sentence.

Sometimes I might have a few thoughts in one sentence that come from different sources. This gets a bit messy, but it is best to associate the source with that thought specifically. You can see this illustrated with the sentence on "online discussion."

"Et al." and Citations

You may have discovered an "et al." rule as well. This will differ based on the citation method you are using, but essentially, when you have three or more authors on one article, you can limit the list in the citations to the first author, followed by "et al."

In some cases, I must list all authors first and then move to this. In current APA, I go straight to "et al." when I have three or more authors.

For example, if I have two authors, it should still look like:

(Barrymore & Olyphant, 2017)

But if I have three authors, I can list:

(Barrymore et al., 2017)

2020/12/8 Multiple Articles, Multiple Authors, and the "et al." Rule: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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References

I want my citations to be easily found by the reader. I give very little information in the actual literature review (this can vary by field, but in Social Sciences, we stick to authors and year published), so the reader needs an easy way to find this information. That is what the reference list is for!

As one example (in APA format) based on the above examples:

Waititi, T, Ayoade, R. E., & Tudyk, A. W. (2007). Humor and stress: How to use comedy to

cope. Journal of Voice Acting and Comedy, 9(2), 20-77.

I have attempted to illustrate the hanging indent appropriately here, but the format may not translate well. Remember that citations have the opposite of paragraph indentation. So the first line is aligned with your left margin and following lines are pushed in. I have no idea why this rule exists, but it does.

2020/12/8 Notes on Literature Review and Research: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Notes on Literature Review and Research Here are some important notes as we move forward.

The Literature Review

First, it seems like there may be some misunderstandings about the literature review. The assignment is not an exercise in paraphrasing, but paraphrasing is an important step in the process. As outlined and discussed in your lecture video for the assignment, you need to both paraphrase and put pieces of information together.

The goal of a literature review is to discuss what research has been done to understand something. Here’s an example:

Parenting in Immigration

The research on immigrants from Eastern European countries is very limited; therefore we will review studies on parenting in immigration conducted with various immigrant groups. One of the key issues for immigrant parents is guiding children in the new culture of the host country (Kwak, 2003). As immigrant families undergo the process of acculturation and adaptation to the new culture, their behaviors change, altering their parenting practices (Ochocka and Janzen, 2008). The impact of the changes on the family system depends on many factors: family structure, ethnicity, culture, reasons for immigration, socioeconomic status, and English proficiency (Booth, Crouter, and Landale, 1997; Portes and Rumbaut, 2006). Typically, immigrant children acculturate and become Americanized more rapidly than their parents (Berry, 2007; Falicov, 2003; Portes and Rumbaut, 2001). This disparity is often associated with a decrease in parental authority and control, especially if children become translators of the language and the culture to their parents (Bush, Bohon, and Kim, 2010). Communication difficulties and uncertainty of how to handle difficult situations in a new culture constitute common challenges for immigrant parents, even though immigrants with higher education report smaller acculturation gaps with their children (Buki, Ma, Strom, and Strom, 2003; Nesteruk, 2010; Ochocka and Janzen, 2008).

From: Nesteruk, O., & Marks, L. D. (2011). Parenting in immigration: Experiences of mothers and fathers from Eastern Europe raising children in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 42(6), 809-825.

2020/12/8 Notes on Literature Review and Research: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Above the discussion is the “theme” of the discussion. This means that everything under the heading is going to discuss that specific thing. Your literature review is very short, so headings for specific themes will not be necessary. What is important to pay attention to, though, is what they are doing. They have taken major points from many different articles (as you can see with the citations) and put them together in a kind of “conversation.” How can we understand, in this instance, parenting in immigration based on work that has already been done in peer reviewed academic research?

Your version of this does not need to be this sophisticated! This is based on years of experience, training, and practice. The goal of the assignment is to have you practice this skill.

The Class Moving Forward

Additionally, I want to discuss your final project. I have received several emails and want to make sure that everyone knows what to expect moving forward. The course is set up in a very gradual way. We start with foundational information and move into application. With that in mind, after our break, we will be working more with direct application of ideas. This includes data collection!

What will I be analyzing?

As outlined earlier in the course, you will be collecting data from reddit. In particular, you may collect: numbers of participants, numbers of upvotes (we will cover this more again later), numbers of comments, content of comments themselves, and content of posts.

That sounds like a lot…

Kind of. That’s why I’m going to limit you to a very small or small sample size. This kind of research can become a lot of work very quickly. Because this is an introductory course, we will be doing a mini research project. This includes a short paper and small samples. It is not enough to give us clear conclusions, but it is enough to practice some skills!

What about hypotheses?

For a mini project like this, it is unlikely to be able to have the rigor necessary to develop clear hypotheses. With that said, it’s okay if you do! Maybe you look at some literature and guess that you might see some behavior based on it. That’s okay! But it is also okay if you do not have hypotheses. Not all research will and often qualitative work does not use hypothesis testing. We will be doing more of a grounded theory approach (though not exactly). This means you can find patterns in the data and let those guide your analysis. Again, we will go over this when we start to practice data collection and analysis.

2020/12/8 Notes on Literature Review and Research: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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What if I don’t have a question about cute animals or something?

That’s also okay. You do not need to have a question that relates directly to the subreddit content because often the site we collect data from is less about that site and more about something broader. For example, I may find literature that talks about the importance of social support. Do we see social support happening online? Can we learn anything about what that looks like online from a subreddit? Looking at r/aww, sure it is (usually) about cute animals, but it is also about how people interact, what they find important, how they approach each other, what norms develop in these spaces.

I know this is a lot, but hopefully it helps.