Qualitative Research Methods Matrix
Submit in Week 2
Approach |
Disciplinary Roots |
Focus of Central Research Question |
Unique Terminology |
Primary Data Sources |
Sampling Issues |
Analysis Plan Guidelines |
References |
Basic Qualitative Inquiry |
Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology |
1. How do individuals in different cultures interpret and respond to similar experiences? 2. How can we better understand the impact of social structures on people's behavior and thinking? 3. What factors influence the adoption of certain beliefs and behaviors within a given society? |
Cross-cultural Interpretation, Social Structures, Belief Adoption |
Interviews, Focus Groups, Observations |
stratified sampling can be used to ensure a balanced representation of the population. |
Qualitative analysis should be performed in order to uncover the underlying meanings and interpretations of individuals’ responses. |
Busetto et.al., 2020 Pandey & Pandey, 2021 Castleberry & Nolen, 2018 |
Qualitative Case Study |
Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology |
1. How do individuals in a particular social context interpret and react to a certain event or situation? 2. What can be learned from examining a specific case about broader social processes? 3. What unique insights can be gained from analyzing a single case study in detail? |
Social Context, Event Analysis, Broader Social Processes
|
Interviews, Document Analysis, Observations |
Select individuals who are most directly involved in the situation being studied, such as those who are directly affected by the event or situation. the case studies. |
Qualitative analysis should be used to examine the experiences and perspectives of those involved in discourse analysis. |
Charmaz & Thornberg, 2021 Busetto et.al., 2020 |
Grounded Theory and Realism |
Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology |
1. How do people interpret their environment and the social structures that shape it? 2. What are the implications of different interpretations of reality for behavior and decision making? 3. How can we develop a clearer understanding of how people interact with their environment? |
Reality Interpretation, Environment Interaction, Decision-making Dynamics |
Open Coding, Memoing Interviews, Observations Developing theory through data analysis, triangulation, and theoretical saturation. |
Select individuals who are most directly affected by the social structures being studied. |
Grounded theory analysis should be used to examine the experiences and perspectives of those involved in the study. |
Lambert, 2019 De et.al., 2019 |
Phenomenology and Heuristic Inquiry |
Philosophy, Psychology, Humanities |
1. How do people experience and interpret their everyday lives? 2. How can we better understand the subjective meanings that people attach to their lived experiences? 3. What can we learn from examining the ways in which people view their own lives? |
Everyday Experiences, Subjective Meanings, Lived Interpretations |
Phenomenological Reduction, Heuristic Inquiry Interviews, Experiential Reflections, Visual Representations. |
select individuals who are most likely to have meaningful experiences.
Examining the lived experiences of participants, and developing an understanding of the phenomenon |
Phenomenological analysis should be used to examine the individual meaning attributed to everyday experiences. The analysis can be done through bracketing, horizontalization and descriptive analysis. |
Ang, 2022 Runyan et al., 2022 Tolibas & Lydia, 2022 |
Submit in Week 3
Approach |
Disciplinary Roots |
Focus of Central Research Question |
Unique Terminology |
Primary Data Sources |
Sampling Issues |
Analysis Plan Guidelines |
References |
Social Constructivism and Narrative Inquiry |
Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology |
1. How do people construct meaning through the stories they tell about their lives? 2. How can we better understand how individuals define their identity and how this is shaped by their culture? 3. What are the implications of people constructing their own personal narratives? |
Storytelling, Identity Formation, Personal Narratives |
Narrative Analysis, Discourse Analysis Interviews, Story-telling, Document Analysis
|
Select individuals who are most likely to have meaningful experiences and who can provide insight into the cultural context being studied. |
Narrative analysis should be used to uncover the cultural, social, and personal meanings attributed to experiences. |
Wittmayer et.al., 2019 Fitzgerald, 2020 |
Systems Theory |
Mathematics, Computer Science, Psychology |
1. How do complex systems interact with each other and what is the impact of these interactions? 2. How can we better understand the dynamics of how these systems evolve over time? 3. What are the implications of different types of systems and how they interact with each other?? What are the system’s boundaries and interrelationships, and how do these affect perspectives about how and why the system functions as it does? |
System Interactions, Dynamics Evolution, System Interplay |
Simulation models, empirical data, mathematical models
|
Sampling should focus on the systems being studied and should take into account the complexity of the interactions between these systems.
|
Systems analysis should be used to examine the dynamics of the interactions between the systems being studied. |
Preiser et.al., 2020 Khoo, 2018 |
Ethnography and Autoethnography |
Anthropology, Sociology, Cultural Studies. |
1. How do people in different cultures create and maintain their own identities? 2. How can we better understand the different social, cultural, and economic structures that shape the lives of individuals? 3. What are the implications of cultural identities for people's behavior and decision making? |
Cultural Identities, Social Structures, Behavior Implications |
Interviews, focus groups, participant observation, document analysis through data coding, thematic analysis, and discursive analysis. |
Select individuals who are most likely to have meaningful experiences and who can provide insight into the cultural context being studied.
Examining the culture and practices of the group, and identifying the meanings that people attach to their identities |
Ethnographic analysis should be used to uncover the cultural, social, and personal meaning attributed to experiences. |
Lewis & Kirmayer (2019). Moisander et.al.,2020 |
Interactive and Participatory Qualitative Applications |
Technology, Psychology, Media Studies |
1. How do individuals interact with technology and how does this impact their experiences? 2. What can we learn from examining the ways in which people engage with digital media? 3. How can we better understand the effects of technology on people's behavior and thinking? |
Technology Interaction, Digital Engagement, Technology Effects |
Interviews, focus groups, surveys, observation |
select individuals who are most likely to have meaningful experiences and who can provide insight into the technology being studied |
Qualitative analysis should be used to examine the experiences and perspectives of those involved in the study. The analysis can be done through content analysis, thematic analysis, or discourse analysis. |
Neuendorf, 2018 Kyngäs, 2020 |
The italics text indicates example response.
Modified from Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Assessment Description
Find a true example of people being arrested for a White Collar crime, a political crime, and a crime committed by someone in organized crime. In 750-1,000 words, explain the following:
1. Briefly describe each of the crimes (who was involved, what the crime was, who the victim was, etc.)
2. Explain the outcome of each case, including the punishment and sentence given for each crime.
3. Explain if you feel the punishments for each of the crime were justified. Were the punishments for any of the crimes not fitting the seriousness of the crime? Why are these three types of crimes punished in the ways they are?
Use three to four scholarly resources to support your explanations.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
5
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for APA Style
Student A. Sample
College Name, Grand Canyon University
Course Number: Course Title
Instructor’s Name
Running head: ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
1
Assignment Due Date
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper Formatting for APA Style
This is an electronic template for papers written according to the style of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020) as outlined in the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The purpose of the template is to help students set the margins and spacing. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The text is left-justified only; that means the left margin is straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is indented 0.5 inch. It is best to use the tab key to indent, or set a first-line indent in the paragraph settings. The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end of sentences. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman and the font size is 12 point. This font and size is required for GCU papers.
The Section Heading
The heading above would be used if you want to have your paper divided into sections based on content. This is a Level 1 heading, and it is centered and bolded, and the initial word and each word of four or more letters is capitalized. The heading should be a short descriptor of the section. Note that not all papers will have headings or subheadings in them. Papers for beginning undergraduate courses (100 or 200 level) will generally not need headings beyond Level 1. The paper title serves as the heading for the first paragraph of the paper, so “Introduction” is not used as a heading.
Subsection Heading
The subheading above would be used if there are several sections within the topic labeled in a first level heading. This is a Level 2 heading, and it is flush left and bolded, and the initial word and each word of four or more letters is capitalized.
Subsection Heading
APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all. Headings are used in order, so a paper must use Level 1 before using Level 2. Do not adjust spacing to change where on the page a heading falls, even if it would be the last line on a page.
The Title Page
When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. You will also need to change the items on the title page. Fill in your own title, name, course, college, instructor, and date. List the college to which the course belongs, such as College of Theology, College of Business, or College of Humanities and Social Sciences. GCU uses three letters and numbers with a hyphen for course numbers, such as CWV-101 or UNV-104. The date should be written as Month Day, Year. Spell out the month name.
Formatting References and Citations
APA Style includes rules for citing resources. The Publication Manual (APA, 2020) also discusses the desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for numbers, and a variety of other important topics. Although APA Style rules are used in this template, the purpose of the template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of the paper. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide available in the Student Success Center and on the GCU Library’s Citing Sources in APA guide (https://libguides.gcu.edu/APA) for help in correctly formatting according to APA Style.
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below. This page includes examples of how to format different reference types. The first reference is to a webpage without a clear date, which is common with organizational websites (American Nurses Association, n.d.). Next is the Publication Manual referred to throughout this template (APA, 2020). Notice that the manual reference includes the DOI number, even though this is a print book, as the DOI was listed on book, and does not include a publisher name since the publisher is also the author. A journal article reference will also often include a DOI, and as this article has four authors, only the first would appear in the in-text citation (Copeland et al., 2013). Government publications like the Treatment Improvement Protocol series documents from the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2014) are another common source found online. A book without a DOI is the last example (Holland & Forrest, 2017).
References
American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Scope of practice. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/scope-of-practice/
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2014). Improving cultural competence (HHS Publication No. 14-4849). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK248428/
Copeland, T., Henderson, B., Mayer, B., & Nicholson, S. (2013). Three different paths for tabletop gaming in school libraries. Library Trends, 61(4), 825–835. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2013.0018
Holland, R. A., & Forrest, B. K. (2017). Good arguments: Making your case in writing and public speaking. Baker Academic.

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