Aquifer_Case_Study_Week_1_Pediatrics_13_Moderate_persistent

Aquifer Case Study Week 1 Pediatrics 13: Moderate persistent asthma

United States University

FNP 593: Primary Health of Acute Clients/Families

Across the Lifespan

Dr.

March 06, 2023

Case Analysis Tool Worksheet

Student's Name: Case ID: Molina_AQ1_03062023

I. Epidemiology/Patient Profile

Six-year-old Ms. Patel Sunita came to the clinic with persistent cough symptoms that had persisted for eight weeks. There is no exposure to secondhand smoking at home.

II. Prioritized Cues from Hx and PE.

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3

Cough for eight weeks	History of allergic rhinitis	Recently move to area three months ago
No fever, wheezing, or shortness of breath	There are no smokers in the house, have one dog, carpets in the bedrooms.
Mild end-expiratory wheezing	Chronic nasal congestion
It is often worse at night, exposure to cold air makes it worse	PMH of eczema
Cough is occasionally triggered by laughing or crying.	Denies stomachaches. No vomiting or diarrhea
Normal vital signs	Exercises
Family history of mother and cousins have asthma
No sinus tenderness when the frontal sinuses are palpated. No facial tenderness.
Transverse nasal crease. Turbinates are somewhat pale and edematous. Clear nasal secretions.
More nasal congestion since moving

III. Problem Statement

Sunita, a 6-year-old girl with eczema and persistent nasal congestion, appears with a chronic cough for 8 weeks that is frequently worse at night, after exercising, and when exposed to cold air. She doesn't have a fever, shortness of breath, or history of wheezing, but she does have an asthmatic family. Patel has never taken medication, and he has no allergies to any foods or substances. The home has one dog, carpets in the bedrooms, and other amenities. At home, she is not exposed to secondhand smoke.

IV. Differential Diagnosis

Leading dx:

Moderate persistent asthma

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

Cough for two months, associated with wheezing at night	Lungs: No evidence of retractions or a hyperinflated thorax. No changes to percussion or E-to-A changes. Normal I:E ratio. End-expiratory wheezing. No use of accessory muscles.
No fever, wheezing, or shortness of breath	Nose: Transverse nasal crease. Turbinates. Somewhat pale and edematous. Clear nasal secretions. No sinus tenderness when the frontal sinuses are palpated. No facial tenderness.
It is often worse at night, exposure to cold air makes it worse	Mild eczema
Family history of mother and cousins have asthma
Cough is occasionally triggered by laughing or crying.

Alternative dx:

Allergic Rhinitis

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

More nasal congestion since moving	Nose: Transverse nasal crease. Turbinates. Somewhat pale and edematous. Clear nasal secretions. No sinus tenderness when the frontal sinuses are palpated. No facial tenderness.
Cough for two months, associated with wheezing at night	Lungs: No evidence of retractions or a hyperinflated thorax. No changes to percussion or E-to-A changes. Normal I:E ratio. End-expiratory wheezing. No use of accessory muscles.
It is often worse at night, exposure to cold air makes it worse.
Cough is occasionally triggered by laughing or crying.

Alternative dx:

Chronic Sinusitis

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

More nasal congestion since moving	Nose: Transverse nasal crease. Turbinates. Somewhat pale and edematous. Clear nasal secretions. No sinus tenderness when the frontal sinuses are palpated. No facial tenderness.
Cough for two months, associated with wheezing at night	Lungs: No evidence of retractions or a hyperinflated thorax. No changes to percussion or E-to-A changes. Normal I:E ratio. End-expiratory wheezing. No use of accessory muscles.
It is often worse at night, exposure to cold air makes it worse.
Cough is occasionally triggered by laughing or crying.

V. Explanation of Diagnostic Plan (including tests, labs, imaging studies, etc.) and Treatment Plan in prioritized order:

Diagnostic Plan Rationale

Spirometry	Children older than five should undergo this test to show how well the lungs are functioning and if airway blockage is present and at least partially reversible
Complete blood count and chest X-ray	to rule out the likelihood of other illnesses, infections, and diagnoses
Allergy Test	The results of an allergy test may reveal a person's sensitivity to particular irritants (Cash & Glass, 2020).

Treatment Plan Rationale

Ventolin HFA MDI 90 /puff 2 puffs inhaled q4-6 hrs prn, quantity 1, refills 6	Short-acting B2 antagonist used as a bronchodilator for severe attacks. Onset is 2 to 5 minutes (Agabegi & Agebegi, 2020).
Bedesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler) DPI: 90 mcg/inhalation 2 puffs inhaled BID, quantity 1, refills 6	Using corticosteroids to inhibit the immune system and decrease inflammation (Agabegi & Agebegi, 2020).
Educate on how to use spacers and inhalers properly.	Medication may not reach the bronchioles if the patient uses these devices improperly (Cash, Glass, & Mullen, 2021).
Educate family on triggers of asthma and ways to prevent triggers.	Learn how to avoid your triggers by being aware of them. Tobacco smoke, dust mites, air pollution, pests, mildew, inhaling chemicals, pets, exercise, scents, and food additives are a few examples of common triggers (Agabegi & Agebegi, 2020).
Educate Asthma action plan	The objective is to stop and manage asthma attacks. The three zones the National Institutes of Health developed should be included. The plan has three different colors: green when you're doing well, yellow when your asthma is becoming worse, and red when there is a medical emergency (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).

References

Agabegi, S., & Agabegi, E. (2020) Step-up to medicine (5th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Cash, J. C., Glass, C. A., & Mullen, J. (2020). Family practice guidelines (5th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Asthma action plans. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/actionplan.htm

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PSCI 600

Research Paper or Presentation: Final Assignment Instructions

Read all instructions and rubrics carefully before writing your research paper or creating your presentation. You are responsible for having read and understood these documents.

For this Research Paper or Presentation: Final Assignment, you are required to choose between producing a PowerPoint or video presentation and writing a research paper focusing on concepts of constitutional design.

More specifically, for the Research Paper or Presentation: Final Assignment you will compare and contrast the role and impact of the concept of Federalism with the rise of what Dickovick and Eastwood call “Juristocracy.” Your analysis should 1) provide a comparison and contrast of the two concepts, 2) provide examples from the United States (for Federalism) and at least one country that has been influenced by the ideas of “Juristocracy,” and 3) evaluate both concepts and their influence in light of Biblical principles and a Judeo-Christian worldview

Option 1: Research Paper

· If you elect to write a research paper for this assignment, the text of this research paper must be 5–7 pages (not including title page, reference page, and any appendices).

· This paper must be in current APA format and must contain a minimum of 3 scholarly sources in addition to the course textbooks.

· You must include citations to a sufficient number of appropriate sources to fully support your assertions and conclusions. (This assignment draws heavily from the assigned readings for this module and you are expected to illustrate your understanding of those sources.)

Option 2: PowerPoint Presentation

· If you elect to complete a PowerPoint presentation with audio (see tutorial in the Resources section), the presentation must include 9–10 minutes of student-spoken audio.

· You must also upload a bibliography for your presentation. Your bibliography must be formatted in correct APA style.

· Each presentation must contain sources to a minimum of 3 scholarly sources in addition to the course textbooks, assigned readings, and the Bible. Note, too, that this assignment draws heavily from the assigned readings for this module and you are expected to illustrate your understanding of those sources.

Option 3: Video Presentation

· If you elect to complete an original video presentation, the presentation must include 10–12 minutes of student-spoken audio.

· You must also upload a bibliography for your presentation. Your bibliography must be formatted in correct APA style.

· Each presentation must contain sources to a minimum of 3 scholarly sources in addition to the course textbooks, assigned readings, and the Bible. Note, too, that this assignment draws heavily from the assigned readings for this module and you are expected to illustrate your understanding of those sources.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Page 2 of 2

Aquifer Essay Title

Your Name

United States University

Course name

Instructor name

Date

Aquifer Essay Title

The introduction should be a paragraph that provides a brief overview of the case and main diagnosis with rationale and supporting evidence. You do not need to discuss pathophysiology or summarize the entire case. The entire paper should be between one and three pages long.

Differential Diagnoses

This section will identify your two differentials with the rationale and supporting evidence. Also explain why these differentials were not the main diagnosis.

Diagnostics

Identify the lab, radiology, or other tests needed for the main diagnosis with supporting evidence. Do not include excessive or non-pertinent testing.

Treatment, Education, and Follow-Up

This section should include the elements of an initial treatment plan for the main diagnosis. It should include medication names, dosages, frequencies; patient/family education; appropriate follow up plan; and hospitalizations and consults when appropriate.

References

The supporting evidence for this paper should be derived from at least two primary sources (not Medscape, UpToDate, Epocrates, etc.), including published clinical guidelines or peer-reviewed professional journals that are NOT textbooks. Supporting evidence should be published within the past 5 years, or 10 if the guidelines have not been updated. References should be in APA format. Refer to the APA 7 Manual for specific formatting requirements.

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Aquifer Case Study Week 1 Pediatrics 01: Newborn male infant evaluation and care

United States University

FNP 593: Primary Health of Acute Clients/Families

Across the Lifespan

Dr.

March 06, 2023

Case Analysis Tool Worksheet

Student's Name: Case ID: Molina_AQ1_03062023

I. Epidemiology/Patient Profile

Rose, a 20-year-old female at estimated 38 weeks' gestation financially insecure, unemployed, medically uninsured and estranged from her family. She is in active labor with ruptured membrane.

II. Prioritized Cues from Hx and PE. (Do not include lab, x-‐ray, or other diagnostic test results here.)

• Tier 1: The cues (may be positive or negative) that contribute most to the diagnosis of the active problem.

• Tier 2: These are cues of intermediate importance (list only positive cues).

• Tier 3: Of least importance (list only positive cues).

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3

Membranes ruptured	Food unsecured	No history of sexually transmitted disease
Sex with four men	Smokes marijuana occasionally	Tylenol as needed
Smoke cigarettes two or three a day, one drink a week	BP 115/70
Has history of asthma	UA negative protein.
Has no job, live with friends	No ankle swelling
Nulliparity	Denies abdominal pain or vision changes.
Age: 20-year-old
Failure to obtain normal medical care during pregnancy
Lower socioeconomic status
No prenatal vitamins

III. Problem Statement

Rose, a 20-year-old woman being admitted to obstetrics from the emergency room, gave birth to a newborn boy. Based on her LMP, Rose is 38 weeks pregnant. She is expecting her first child and is currently in active labor with ruptured membranes. Because she lacks insurance and is unemployed, Rose reports having several partners for sex and not receiving prenatal care. Rose adds that she has cut back on smoking, now only consumes a few beers on the weekends, and occasionally puffs on some marijuana. During physical examination, the patient had a blood pressure of 115/70 mm Hg, a fundal height of 33 cm, fetal heart tones of 135 bpm, and negative protein and glucose results from urinalysis (UA). She says that until today, she had not experienced any headaches, vision abnormalities, or ABD pain. Apart for sporadic Tylenol when pregnant, she does not currently use any drugs.

IV. Differential Diagnosis

Based on what you have learned from the history and physical examination, list up to 3 diagnoses that might explain this patient’s complaint(s).

List your most likely diagnosis first, followed by two other reasonable possibilities. For some cases, fewer than 3 diagnoses will be appropriate.

Then, enter the positive or negative findings from the history and the physical examination that support each diagnosis.

Leading dx:

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) ICD-10, P05.08

(Sacchi et al., 2020)

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

Young maternal age 20	Baby boy Thomas is small in size. Weight 2100 grams Weight below 10th percentile Length 43 cm Head circumference 32 cm (normocephalic)
With a mother who has history of alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy	A mother in active labor and ruptured membranes Five-minute Apgar score is 9
Failure to obtain normal medical care during pregnancy	Fundal height: 33 cm Fetal heart tones: 135 bpm Temp: 36.9 C Respirations: 44
Lower socioeconomic status	Blood glucose: 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)
No prenatal vitamins	Negative HIV antibody Hepatitis B surface antigen, RPR, urine NAAT for chlamydia and gonorrhea, UA protein
Poor nutrition and weight gain	Thomas physical exam is unremarkable
	Pink centrally but still has acrocyanosis, APGAR score of 9

Alternative dx:

Congenital Infections (P37.9)

(Moodley & Payton, 2021)

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

No prenatal care	Baby boy Thomas is small in size. Weight 2100 grams Weight below 10th percentile Length 43 cm Head circumference 32 cm (normocephalic)
Lower socioeconomic status	A mother in active labor and ruptured membranes Five-minute Apgar score is 9
Poor nutrition and weight gain	Fundal height: 33 cm Fetal heart tones: 135 bpm Temp: 36.9 C Respirations: 44
Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy	Blood glucose: 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)
	Negative HIV antibody Hepatitis B surface antigen, RPR, urine NAAT for chlamydia and gonorrhea, UA protein
	Thomas physical exam is unremarkable
	Pink centrally but still has acrocyanosis, APGAR score of 9

Alternative dx:

Placental Insufficiency

(Mohan et al., 2018)

History Finding(s) Physical Exam Finding(s)

Young maternal age 20	Baby boy Thomas is small in size. Weight 2100 grams Weight below 10th percentile Length 43 cm Head circumference 32 cm (normocephalic)
Failure to obtain normal medical care during pregnancy	A mother in active labor and ruptured membranes Five-minute Apgar score is 9
Drinks beer on weekends	Fundal height: 33 cm Fetal heart tones: 135 bpm Temp: 36.9 C Respirations: 44
Unemployed, uninsured, no family support	Blood glucose: 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)
	Negative HIV antibody Hepatitis B surface antigen, RPR, urine NAAT for chlamydia and gonorrhea, UA protein
	Thomas physical exam is unremarkable
	Pink centrally but still has acrocyanosis, APGAR score of 9

V. Explanation of Diagnostic Plan (including tests, labs, imaging studies, etc.) and Treatment Plan in prioritized order:

Diagnostic Plan Rationale

Fundal height	After the 20th week of pregnancy, the centimeter measurement usually corresponds to the remaining weeks of the pregnancy. A fundal height lag of 4 cm or more is suggestive with IUGR (AIMU, 2018).
Blood test: Complete Blood Count	To test for anemia and polycythemia, which are both IUGR consequences (Balest, 2021).
Prenatal ultrasound	To diagnose IUGR and obtain measurement of the baby
Doppler assessment	It is a technique that uses sound waves to measure the amount and speed of blood flowing through the arteries. This examination will look at the blood arteries in the baby's brain and the flow of blood through the umbilical cord. Doppler tests that are abnormal are a sign of IUGR (AIMU, 2018).

Treatment Plan Rationale

Encourage good nutrition and bedrest for mother	Better feeding and oxygenation may help a fetus with inadequate growth. With bed rest, it is believed that the mother's organs will function more efficiently.
Close monitor of the baby especially baby’s weight	To ascertain whether the baby is gaining weight. Monitor and assess weight gain.
Erythromycin ophthalmic eye ointment (0.5 %)	Preventive eye care for newborns to avoid gonococcal ophthalmia (Hanley, 2019).
Vitamin K 1mg IM at birth	Vitamin K should be given at birth to prevent any potentially fatal effects. Within the first week of lifes, bleeding due to a deficit happens (Hanley, 2019).
Educate on breastfeeding and support groups Feeding on demand	feeding to maintain a baby's weight. Breastfeeding guidance can be provided by a certified lactation counselor (Kellams, 2020).
Educate for alcohol and tobacco cessation	Alcohol is transmitted in very small amounts to breast milk. Waiting two hours after consuming one serving of alcohol (12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof liquor) will help breastfeeding mothers avoid exposing their babies to alcohol (Kellams, 2020). Compared to other babies, infants who inhale secondhand smoking after birth have higher lung infections (Smokefree, n.d.).
Educate for normal feeding, stooling, urine output	Energy and willingness to feed are important for the normal growth and development of a newborn (Hanley, 2019).

References

American International Medical University (2018). Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, management, complications & prevention. https://www.aimu.us/2018/01/15/intrauterine-growth-restriction-iugr-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-management-complications-prevention/

Balest, A. L. (2021). Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA). Merck Manuals Professional Edition. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/perinatal-problems/small-for-gestational-age-sga-infant

Hanley, J.R. (2019). Infant care. https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/130711/Infant-care/Overview

Kellams, A. (2020). Breastfeeding: Parental education and support. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breastfeeding-parental-education-and-support?search=newborn%20care&topicRef=5068&source=see_link#PATIENT_INFORMATION

Mohan, R., Baumann, D., & Alejandro, E. U. (2018). Fetal undernutrition, placental insufficiency, and pancreatic β-cell development programming in utero. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 315(5), R867–R878. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2018

Moodley, A., & Payton, K. S. E. (2021). The Term Newborn. Clinics in Perinatology, 48(3), 485–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2021.05.004

Sacchi, C., Marino, C., Nosarti, C., Vieno, A., Visentin, S., & Simonelli, A. (2020). Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1097

Smokefree. (n.d.). Secondhand smoke. Babies who breathe secondhand smoke after birth have more lung infections than other babies.

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