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MGT 209: Marketing Management
Session 1: Customer Focus, Customer
Performance, and Profit Impact
MGT 209: Marketing Management
Professor Ashish Sood
Introduction
• Course overview
• Customer Focus, Customer Performance, and Profit Impact • Building a customer focused organization • Measuring customer performance • Profit impact of
customer retention and customer loyalty
• Course Setup • What you need to participate in class
• Register on PollEv (Free) • Register on Rogerbest.com (Free)
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Customer Acquisition Customer Retention
Profits
Strategic Marketing Process
Customer Company Competitor Collaborators Context
Market Segmentation
Target Market Selection
Product and Service Positioning
Product & Service
Place/
Channels Promotion Pricing
(Strengths/ Weaknesses/ Opportunities/ Threats)
Creating
Value
Capturing
Value
Sustaining
Value
Situation Analysis
Customer Focus, Customer Performance, and Profit Impact
Building a Customer-
Focused Organization
In this section we will look at how customer-focused organizations not only
outperform their competition over the long term by consistently delivering
higher levels of customer satisfaction, they also realize higher profits over
the short run.
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Satisfied is not good enough. Completely satisfied—that’s a big deal. A completely satisfied
customer is at least three times more likely to return than one who’s just satisfied.
―Andrew Taylor, CEO, Enterprise Rent-A-Car
Very Satisfied Customers Drive Profits
Customer Focus, Customer Performance, and Profit Impact
Little or no customer focus translates into an unfocused competitive position and minimal customer
satisfaction. The result is a vicious circle of poor performance.
Underwhelming Customers
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Apple, Southwest Airlines, and Clorox would be a part of the top performers in the
graph above. Their average stock price index started at 100 and 10 years later
was 300. Poor performers started at 100 and 10 years later were still at 100.
Top Performers Produce Higher Investor Returns
• Senior Mgmt Leadership • Employee Customer
Training • Customer Involvement
• Customer Satisfaction • Customer Retention • Customer Loyalty
• Customer Experiences • Customer Solutions • Customer Complaints
How would this model work differently in
Bank of America vs. Southwest Airlines?
Customer-Focused Organization
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ACSI studies have shown that Customer Satisfaction is a leading indicator of company
financial performance. The ACSI database reports all companies by industry.
American Customer Satisfaction Index - University of Michigan (www.theACSI.org)
Benchmarking Customer Satisfaction
Measuring Customer
Performance
In this section we will look at how companies that use customer
performance metrics are able to identify their unprofitable customers. For
any business, knowing which customers not to attract is just as important
as knowing which customers to attract.
Customer Focus, Customer Performance, and Profit Impact
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To determine the CSI for a sampling of customers,
simply compute the average of the customers’ satisfaction ratings.
Customer satisfaction is a forecast of future revenues and profits.
Very Dissatisfied
0
Dissatisfied
20
Somewhat
Dissatisfied
40
Somewhat
Satisfied
60
Satisfied
80
Very
Satisfied
100
Customer Satisfaction A Key Performance Metric
De-averaging CSI provides a wide-angle view of customer satisfaction and allows
managers to see more completely the opportunities for improvement.
Customer Satisfaction – Wide-Angle View
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“Very satisfied” customers not only buy more, they often buy higher-margin products
and services, which results in a higher% margin on total sales.
De-averaging CSI is critical to understanding customer profitability
Profit Impact of Very Satisfied Customers
When we chart customer profitability against customer satisfaction, we see that the
“very satisfied” customers are the ones who drive profitability.
Profitability of Satisfied Customers
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Each year, the
business above loses
22,400 customers
who are dissatisfied,
but do not complain.
Dissatisfied customers often do not complain, but they do walk and they do talk.
Complaint Behavior and Retention
(75%)
Dissatisfied but no complaint??
• Well-documented studies have found that a surprisingly small%age of dissatisfied customers complain to a business. • Increase customer support costs; lower profitability
• Negative Word-of-Mouth • Avg. 8-10 people
• Many more online
• Adverse impact on: • Customer retention,
• New customer acquisition,
• Firm reputation,
• Brand equity.
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Facebook as an Outlet for Customer Dissatisfaction
An individual’s car was towed despite being legally parked with a
valid parking sticker. The individual created a Facebook page to
express his dissatisfaction with the towing company.
More than 10,000 supporters, some using other social media, also
expressed their dissatisfaction with the towing company.
Many related their own bad experiences, and 20 formal
complaints were filed over a 3-year period as a result .
Customer Dissatisfaction and the Use of Social Media
Alaska Air uses twitter as a channel to promote new fares/routes and to
field customer service issues. Their twitter page is a mix of responses to
customers, promotions, and warnings of weather delays.
Managing the Customer Experience with Twitter
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Dissatisfied customers often do not complain, but they do walk and they do talk.
Marketing Performance
Tool 1.2 Complaint Behavior and Retention
To estimate retention rates, businesses can use a customer survey as outlined above.
How likely are you to buy this product or brand
again on your next purchase?
Estimating Customer Retention
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Estimating Customer Retention
Note: A business that has a 50% customer retention rate has a
fifty-fifty chance of retaining any one customer from one year to the next.
This fact translates into an average customer life of 2 years!
Customer Retention => Customer Life Expectancy
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Profit impact of
customer retention
and customer loyalty.
In this section we will look at how loyal customers have a longer
customer history, are more committed to the company brand, buy more,
and are more likely to recommend the brand to others.
Customer Performance and Profit Impact
Loyal customers
• Length of customer history
• Buy more
• Buy again and again
• Choose one product more frequently over others
• More likely to recommend the brand to others….
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Loyal customers have a long customer history, buy at an above-average purchase amount, have a high
desire to repurchase, have strong product preferences for the company’s products and would
recommend the company’s products to friends, relatives, and co-workers.
Assessing Customer Loyalty
Managing Customer Loyalty
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Customer Loyalty Classifications
• Loyal Customers (Score 70 – 100) • Need to be managed differently; special offers and services not offered to others • Loyalty program should include precautions against demoting loyal customers. • Produce a referral value that is over three times their customer lifetime value.
• Repeat Customers (Score 40 – 90) • Many repeat customers are simply “big spenders”; high profit potential • Buy a lot from many companies and low loyalty (15-20% of portfolio)
• Buy at above-average levels and frequently purchase products for others. • “satisfied” or “very satisfied” customers with an excellent retention rate, • Less likely than loyal customers to recommend the product of a specific
business. • Companies often mismanage repeat customers; at risk of becoming lost customers.
Customer Loyalty Classifications
• Captive Customers (Score 20 – 40) • Dissatisfied long-term customers who cannot switch easily. • Weak product preference; low recommendations making new customer acquisition harder. • CLV is above average - above-average customer history but the future cash flow is at risk • Companies often lack awareness of existence / frustrations of these customers.
• New Customers (Score 0 – 60) • Include both first-time customers and returning customers (usually 15-20%). • New customers should possess traits of target customers (satisfaction, retention, and loyalty). • Low customer history and below-average CLV; Low loyalty; high expectations. • Returning customers likely to resume their former purchasing patterns. Require “critical care”.
• Unprofitable Customers (Score 0 – 40) • Unprofitable and unlikely ever to be loyal; Drain on profits (30-35% of portfolio). • Low customer history, desire to repurchase, and low purchase amount; little or no inclination
to recommend the company or its product; typically buy on price promotions. • Best approach, and often the hardest, is to help them leave.
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Every additional customer who is retained increases a business’s net profit.
Placing a high priority on satisfying and retaining customers
can provide tremendous financial leverage.
Customer Retention and Profitability
The lifetime value using a 10% discount rate is $111.70,
the net present value of customer cash flow over 5 years.
The average credit card customer for this company has a customer life of 5 years. It costs the
company $51 to acquire a new customer and by year 5 they produce $55 in customer profit.
Customer Lifetime Value
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Present Value Formula
The cost of acquiring an online grocery customer is almost twice the cost of
acquiring an online consumer electronics or apparel customer.
Value of Online Customers
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The “second lifetime value” of a win-back customer has a net present value almost
3x higher than the average lifetime value of an entirely new customer.
The return of a former customer is a lost opportunity that has reappeared—
a second chance to develop a loyal customer.
Customer Lifetime Value Of Win-Back Customers
Customer Loyalty Scores and Customer Lifetime Value are closely correlated.
Customer Lifetime Value and Customer Loyalty
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Loyal customers play an important role in company profitability.
How would management of customer loyalty improve profits?
MBM6
Chapter 1
Marketing Performance
Tool 1.4 Customer Loyalty & Customer Profitability
Key Takeaways
• Businesses with strong customer focus deliver above-average profits. • Developing a customer focus requires customer leadership: senior management
leadership, employee customer training, and customer involvement. • Understand the customer experience, encourage customer complaints, and seek
to develop customer solutions, not just products. • Customer metrics (satisfaction, retention, and loyalty), are key performance
metrics of a customer-focused organization.
• Customer satisfaction metric is related to profitability. • Unbundling the score into different levels of customer satisfaction allows better
understanding of overall average and profit impact of of customer satisfaction. • Customers complaints provide information on how to retain customers who
otherwise would be lost.
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Key Takeaways contd.
• Customer satisfaction affects customer retention. • Higher customer retention delivers higher customer profits - not only annual
profits but future profits as well, due to a longer customer life. • More expensive to acquire a new customer than to retain a current customer. • Customers generally buy more the longer they stay with a business.
• Loyal customers: • Have long purchase history, an above-average purchase amount, a high desire
to repurchase, and a strong product preference; +ve WOM. • Are highly profitable and have an above-average CLV. • Goal is to move all customers to higher levels of customer loyalty.
Next steps
• Get familiar with iLearn and class materials
• Fill the group preference survey
• What you need to participate in class • Register on PollEv
• Explore Rogerbest.com
• Next session: • Marketing Analytics
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Student 1
1)An operating system is the main programming that sudden spikes in demand for a PC. It deals with the PC's memory and cycles, just as the entirety of its product and equipment. It likewise permits you to speak with the PC without realizing how to communicate in the coding's. Without a working framework, a PC is useless.Your PC's working framework (OS) deals with the entirety of the product and equipment on the PC. Often, there are a few distinctive PC programs running simultaneously, and they all need to get to your PC's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and capacity. The working framework arranges the entirety of this to ensure each program gets what it needs.Operating frameworks ordinarily come pre-stacked on any PC you purchase. The vast majority utilize the working framework that accompanies their PC, however it's conceivable to overhaul or even change working frameworks. The three most regular working frameworks for PCs are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Current OS utilize a graphical UI, or GUI (articulated gooey). A GUI allows you to utilize your mouse to click symbols, catches, and menus, and everything is plainly shown on the screen utilizing a blend of designs and text. Each OS GUI has an alternate look and feel, so on the off chance that you change to an alternate OS it might appear to be new from the start. Notwithstanding, present day OS are intended to be anything but difficult to utilize, and most of the essential standards are the equivalent. (The Emerging digital economy, 1999).
2)The main equipment part is Mother Board that holds all the significant segments of a Computer including CPU, memory and different connectors for input/yield gadget. A portion of the info gadgets like console, mouse, amplifier, modem, joystick, USB gadgets, joystick and a lot more are associated for better working. Additionally, the yield gadgets like the PC screen, modem, projectors, printers and so on are associated with the accessible connectors of motherboard. It is the principal mother board that remembers realistic processors for better presentation screen for your screen. There is CPU attachment, CPU fan memory connector, super IO chip, DIMM memory spaces, IDE connector, SATA connector, BIOS streak chip that are the most basic segments to run a Computer framework. It additionally incorporates sound codec chip for sound and gigabit Ethernet chip for network association on a PC.
There are a few equipment parts connected to the CPU or Central Processing Unit which is likewise called as the cerebrum of Computer. The CPU incorporates all the processors that deciphers and execute program guidelines. It incorporates control unit that educates, keeps up and furthermore control the progression of data, number-crunching rationale unit for basic rationale activities and a regulator. Inside the CPU, memory is a significant segment that stores all the data or information on your PC. It incorporates the primary memory space called RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read just Memory), CMOS battery, inner hard circle that is associated with Computer framework to store plentiful information and applications, and an optical plate drive known as CD/DVD drive that can peruse and compose from CD or DVD's. There are additionally focuses for outside capacity gadgets like USB, streak drive, outer hard circle to be associated for memory stockpiling.
The equipment parts are associated with the transport through a regulator that facilitates the exercises of a gadget with the transport. Transport is a term given to a gathering of wires on the fundamental circuit leading group of Computer that interfaces all the parts including network, hard plate, USB drive, console through a regulator, principal memory, and processor straightforwardly to transport and show screen by means of video card. It permits the progression of information between the parts and furthermore inside the PC to another PC. There are additionally different sorts of equipment segments like a CD ROM drive, Floppy plate, and Zip drive. Floppy drive is an information stockpiling gadget which was utilized to run a floppy circle and isn't utilized now any longer because of moderate and infection tainted. Cd ROM drive is known as reduced plate read just memory which used to store information, programming, games, tunes and so on Compressed memory drive is a removable medium limit stockpiling gadget which was utilized before.
With the changing scene and innovation there are bunches of amazing equipment parts intended for better execution of PC. There are a few assembling organizations making tons and huge loads of equipment parts and perhaps the most famous is Intel that basically plans processors, motherboard, realistic chips, streak memory, network interface regulators and some more. These durable goods are accessible in various models and types that are planned chiefly for a specific PC. One thing you should recall that any equipment is pointless if there is no product, so a Computer should have programming to run an equipment segment. OECD (2014)
Student 2
Abstract
The operating system acts as an important intermediary between the user and the user's programs and the computer's hardware. It makes the resources available to the user and the user's plans in a convenient way, on the one hand, and controls and manages the hardware, on the other. The operating system controls all the actual execution and multiples resources that contributed to abstracts' application and complexity. Some tools support the libraries with the operating system.
Introduction
The operating system (OS) software programming segment gives the system's essential usefulness functionality by offering programs that work, control, and backing the computer's crucial resources. Those assets incorporate both CPU and hardware, network administration services, application, and short-term plans, and information storage for use while a system program will get executing, time in which to implement programs, and generally admittance to the system. The operating system also controls admittance to other interconnected systems through its systems administration and networking abilities. Even though the functional system programs are customized to the particular hardware given on a specific system, it is conceivable to offer distinctive operating systems on a particular hardware stage and offer similar operating systems on various hardware platforms (Casey, n.d.).
The hardware and the operating system work together structurally to shape a total working individual computer climate. The operating system has two essential purposes: to control and operate the hardware efficiently and allow the "users" powerful access to the machine's facilities by providing a variety of facilities and services. The operating system offers a powerful interface and graphical resources to the user and the user's programs. These services are available both directly to the users and to the programs that the users execute. Besides, the operating system expands the computer system's capability to allow for the concurrent processing of multiple programs and support for multiple users, both local and networked, as well as other specialized tasks that would not be possible otherwise. The operating system also makes possible the synergistic implementation of specialized hardware designed to improve system performance and capability (1.1.2.Pdf, n.d.).
Input and Output Devices:
The operating system includes I/O device driver programs for each device installed on the network. These drivers provide services to the file management system and are also available, through the API, to other programs for their use. The I/O device drivers accept I/O requests and perform the actual data transfers between the hardware and specified memory areas. In addition to the I/O device drivers provided by the operating system, modern systems provide individual I/O drivers with minimal functionality in ROM to assure access to critical devices, such as the keyboard, display, and boot disk during the system startup process (Computer Basics, n.d.).
Motherboard:
The motherboard is the principle printed circuit board and contains the transports, or electrical pathways, found in a computer. These transports permit information to go between the different parts that have a computer. A motherboard is otherwise called the system board, or it is also known as the principal mainboard (Computerbasics.Pdf, n.d.).
CPU:
The central processing unit is viewed as the computer's brain, that well-referred to always as a processor. Most calculations occur in the CPU. In terms of requiring power, the CPU is the main component of a computer system. CPUs come in various structure factors, each style requiring a specific opening or attachment on the motherboard. Ordinary CPU makers incorporate Intel and AMD (Internal Computer Hardware — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology, n.d.).
RAM:
RAM is the temporary storage for information and programs that are being gotten to by the CPU. RAM is unstable memory, which implies that the substance is deleted when the computer is switched off. The more RAM in a computer, the more generous the laptop needs to hold and deal with massive programs and records of files (Tj, 2017).
Hard Drive:
A hard drive or hard disk drive is an attractive gadget used to store information. The hard drive in a Windows computer is usually arranged as the C: drive and contains the operating system and applications. The capacity limit of a hard drive goes from gigabytes (GB) to terabytes (TB) (Computer Basics, n.d.).
Sound controller:
The programs required to read by the operating system and needed for system soundness and essential usefulness of the motherboard's inbuilt sound system. The drivers are required to cooperate with specific bits of computer Sound hardware. It is a bunch of little programs that are significant for its chipset. Also, you know, each Sound card that needs manually installed drivers to work principally accompanies a drivers CD or DVD when you purchase another card for your computer (Tj, 2017).
Power supply:
As its name would recommend, the power supply is the gadget that supplies the power capacity to all the computer components. Its case the operating system holds a transformer, voltage control, and a cooling fan. The power supply changes over around the collection of 100-120 volts of AC capacity to low-voltage DC power for the interior segments to utilize. The most well-known computer power supplies are worked to adjust to the ATX structure factor (1.1.2.Pdf, n.d.).
References
1.1.2.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.centralislip.k12.ny.us/UserFiles/Servers/Server_20856499/File/Teacher%20Pages/Lindsay%20Dolezal/IT%20Essentials/1.1.2.pdf
Casey, J. (n.d.). Computer Hardware: Hardware Components and Internal PC Connections. 25.
Computer Basics: Understanding Operating Systems. (n.d.). GCFGlobal.Org. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/understanding-operating-systems/1/
Computerbasics.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.uc.edu/webapps/af/hr/CUSTOMGUIDE/content/content/computerbasics.pdf
Internal Computer Hardware—Introduction to Information and Communication Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/hardware/internal.html
Tj, M. (2017, April 21). What is a Sound Driver, And How To Install It? DESKDECODE.COM. https://www.deskdecode.com/audio-or-sound-driver/
Student 1
1)An operating system is the main programming that sudden spikes in demand for a PC. It deals with the PC's memory and cycles, just as the entirety of its product and equipment. It likewise permits you to speak with the PC without realizing how to communicate in the coding's. Without a working framework, a PC is useless.Your PC's working framework (OS) deals with the entirety of the product and equipment on the PC. Often, there are a few distinctive PC programs running simultaneously, and they all need to get to your PC's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and capacity. The working framework arranges the entirety of this to ensure each program gets what it needs.Operating frameworks ordinarily come pre-stacked on any PC you purchase. The vast majority utilize the working framework that accompanies their PC, however it's conceivable to overhaul or even change working frameworks. The three most regular working frameworks for PCs are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Current OS utilize a graphical UI, or GUI (articulated gooey). A GUI allows you to utilize your mouse to click symbols, catches, and menus, and everything is plainly shown on the screen utilizing a blend of designs and text. Each OS GUI has an alternate look and feel, so on the off chance that you change to an alternate OS it might appear to be new from the start. Notwithstanding, present day OS are intended to be anything but difficult to utilize, and most of the essential standards are the equivalent. (The Emerging digital economy, 1999).
2)The main equipment part is Mother Board that holds all the significant segments of a Computer including CPU, memory and different connectors for input/yield gadget. A portion of the info gadgets like console, mouse, amplifier, modem, joystick, USB gadgets, joystick and a lot more are associated for better working. Additionally, the yield gadgets like the PC screen, modem, projectors, printers and so on are associated with the accessible connectors of motherboard. It is the principal mother board that remembers realistic processors for better presentation screen for your screen. There is CPU attachment, CPU fan memory connector, super IO chip, DIMM memory spaces, IDE connector, SATA connector, BIOS streak chip that are the most basic segments to run a Computer framework. It additionally incorporates sound codec chip for sound and gigabit Ethernet chip for network association on a PC.
There are a few equipment parts connected to the CPU or Central Processing Unit which is likewise called as the cerebrum of Computer. The CPU incorporates all the processors that deciphers and execute program guidelines. It incorporates control unit that educates, keeps up and furthermore control the progression of data, number-crunching rationale unit for basic rationale activities and a regulator. Inside the CPU, memory is a significant segment that stores all the data or information on your PC. It incorporates the primary memory space called RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read just Memory), CMOS battery, inner hard circle that is associated with Computer framework to store plentiful information and applications, and an optical plate drive known as CD/DVD drive that can peruse and compose from CD or DVD's. There are additionally focuses for outside capacity gadgets like USB, streak drive, outer hard circle to be associated for memory stockpiling.
The equipment parts are associated with the transport through a regulator that facilitates the exercises of a gadget with the transport. Transport is a term given to a gathering of wires on the fundamental circuit leading group of Computer that interfaces all the parts including network, hard plate, USB drive, console through a regulator, principal memory, and processor straightforwardly to transport and show screen by means of video card. It permits the progression of information between the parts and furthermore inside the PC to another PC. There are additionally different sorts of equipment segments like a CD ROM drive, Floppy plate, and Zip drive. Floppy drive is an information stockpiling gadget which was utilized to run a floppy circle and isn't utilized now any longer because of moderate and infection tainted. Cd ROM drive is known as reduced plate read just memory which used to store information, programming, games, tunes and so on Compressed memory drive is a removable medium limit stockpiling gadget which was utilized before.
With the changing scene and innovation there are bunches of amazing equipment parts intended for better execution of PC. There are a few assembling organizations making tons and huge loads of equipment parts and perhaps the most famous is Intel that basically plans processors, motherboard, realistic chips, streak memory, network interface regulators and some more. These durable goods are accessible in various models and types that are planned chiefly for a specific PC. One thing you should recall that any equipment is pointless if there is no product, so a Computer should have programming to run an equipment segment. OECD (2014)
Student 2
Abstract
The operating system acts as an important intermediary between the user and the user's programs and the computer's hardware. It makes the resources available to the user and the user's plans in a convenient way, on the one hand, and controls and manages the hardware, on the other. The operating system controls all the actual execution and multiples resources that contributed to abstracts' application and complexity. Some tools support the libraries with the operating system.
Introduction
The operating system (OS) software programming segment gives the system's essential usefulness functionality by offering programs that work, control, and backing the computer's crucial resources. Those assets incorporate both CPU and hardware, network administration services, application, and short-term plans, and information storage for use while a system program will get executing, time in which to implement programs, and generally admittance to the system. The operating system also controls admittance to other interconnected systems through its systems administration and networking abilities. Even though the functional system programs are customized to the particular hardware given on a specific system, it is conceivable to offer distinctive operating systems on a particular hardware stage and offer similar operating systems on various hardware platforms (Casey, n.d.).
The hardware and the operating system work together structurally to shape a total working individual computer climate. The operating system has two essential purposes: to control and operate the hardware efficiently and allow the "users" powerful access to the machine's facilities by providing a variety of facilities and services. The operating system offers a powerful interface and graphical resources to the user and the user's programs. These services are available both directly to the users and to the programs that the users execute. Besides, the operating system expands the computer system's capability to allow for the concurrent processing of multiple programs and support for multiple users, both local and networked, as well as other specialized tasks that would not be possible otherwise. The operating system also makes possible the synergistic implementation of specialized hardware designed to improve system performance and capability (1.1.2.Pdf, n.d.).
Input and Output Devices:
The operating system includes I/O device driver programs for each device installed on the network. These drivers provide services to the file management system and are also available, through the API, to other programs for their use. The I/O device drivers accept I/O requests and perform the actual data transfers between the hardware and specified memory areas. In addition to the I/O device drivers provided by the operating system, modern systems provide individual I/O drivers with minimal functionality in ROM to assure access to critical devices, such as the keyboard, display, and boot disk during the system startup process (Computer Basics, n.d.).
Motherboard:
The motherboard is the principle printed circuit board and contains the transports, or electrical pathways, found in a computer. These transports permit information to go between the different parts that have a computer. A motherboard is otherwise called the system board, or it is also known as the principal mainboard (Computerbasics.Pdf, n.d.).
CPU:
The central processing unit is viewed as the computer's brain, that well-referred to always as a processor. Most calculations occur in the CPU. In terms of requiring power, the CPU is the main component of a computer system. CPUs come in various structure factors, each style requiring a specific opening or attachment on the motherboard. Ordinary CPU makers incorporate Intel and AMD (Internal Computer Hardware — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology, n.d.).
RAM:
RAM is the temporary storage for information and programs that are being gotten to by the CPU. RAM is unstable memory, which implies that the substance is deleted when the computer is switched off. The more RAM in a computer, the more generous the laptop needs to hold and deal with massive programs and records of files (Tj, 2017).
Hard Drive:
A hard drive or hard disk drive is an attractive gadget used to store information. The hard drive in a Windows computer is usually arranged as the C: drive and contains the operating system and applications. The capacity limit of a hard drive goes from gigabytes (GB) to terabytes (TB) (Computer Basics, n.d.).
Sound controller:
The programs required to read by the operating system and needed for system soundness and essential usefulness of the motherboard's inbuilt sound system. The drivers are required to cooperate with specific bits of computer Sound hardware. It is a bunch of little programs that are significant for its chipset. Also, you know, each Sound card that needs manually installed drivers to work principally accompanies a drivers CD or DVD when you purchase another card for your computer (Tj, 2017).
Power supply:
As its name would recommend, the power supply is the gadget that supplies the power capacity to all the computer components. Its case the operating system holds a transformer, voltage control, and a cooling fan. The power supply changes over around the collection of 100-120 volts of AC capacity to low-voltage DC power for the interior segments to utilize. The most well-known computer power supplies are worked to adjust to the ATX structure factor (1.1.2.Pdf, n.d.).
References
1.1.2.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.centralislip.k12.ny.us/UserFiles/Servers/Server_20856499/File/Teacher%20Pages/Lindsay%20Dolezal/IT%20Essentials/1.1.2.pdf
Casey, J. (n.d.). Computer Hardware: Hardware Components and Internal PC Connections. 25.
Computer Basics: Understanding Operating Systems. (n.d.). GCFGlobal.Org. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/understanding-operating-systems/1/
Computerbasics.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.uc.edu/webapps/af/hr/CUSTOMGUIDE/content/content/computerbasics.pdf
Internal Computer Hardware—Introduction to Information and Communication Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/hardware/internal.html
Tj, M. (2017, April 21). What is a Sound Driver, And How To Install It? DESKDECODE.COM. https://www.deskdecode.com/audio-or-sound-driver/

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