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CITATION GUIDE

Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association—6th Edition

THE COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY

Updated 8.27.14

Citation Guide – 6th Edition

This document covers certain citation formats addressed in the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) but is not a complete guide. Should you have any questions, please contact the CSU Success Center/Writing Center by email at [email protected] or by phone at 1-800-977-8449 ext. 6538.

For all rules and requirements of APA, please refer to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which can be purchased through the American Psychological Association at http://apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx.

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Contents

What is APA format and why is it used? ...................................................................................................... 4

Citing Sources ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Citations in Text ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Examples of text citations ..................................................................................................................... 6

Example of block quote text citation ..................................................................................................... 7

Reference List ........................................................................................................................................... 7

Examples of reference list entries ......................................................................................................... 8

Selecting Appropriate Research Sources ................................................................................................ 12

Formatting ................................................................................................................................................... 13

Document formatting in APA style ........................................................................................................ 13

Steps for document formatting ................................................................................................................ 14

Specific formatting steps for documents ................................................................................................. 17

Library Resources and Services for CSU Students ..................................................................................... 18

Sample Essay .............................................................................................................................................. 19

Sample Research Paper ............................................................................................................................... 19

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What is APA format and why is it used?

The American Psychological Association is a professional organization representing psychologists in the United States. APA format is a set of rules developed to assist with writing and the citing of sources, a format which helps to prevent plagiarism and to acknowledge the original author of the information used. It is meant to provide a concise and standardized citation format for written assignments (e.g., essays, research papers, article critiques, etc.) and is used for ALL Columbia Southern University courses.

In educational institutions, plagiarism is a problem of great concern. According to Aaron (2007) in The Little, Brown Compact Handbook, the word “plagiarism” is derived from a Latin word meaning to kidnap or to abduct (p. 424). APA: The Easy Way! 2nd edition provides clarification on how to get started and avoid taking works of others without properly citing (Houghton & Houghton, 2009). Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s work and passing it off as one’s own. In many other cultures, plagiarizing is encouraged because it demonstrates familiarity and respect for the work of noted writers. However, in the United States and at Columbia Southern University, plagiarism is considered fraud and can have serious consequences.

Plagiarism can be deliberate or accidental: Deliberate plagiarism includes directly copying, summarizing, or paraphrasing a source without giving credit to the author or putting it in quotation marks. This type of plagiarism also includes turning in a paper that has been bought, written by another student, or copied from another source. Accidental plagiarism is when a writer uses another author’s thoughts or ideas without realizing credit must be provided. This includes working in groups and submitting the same answers as other students, forgetting to place quotation marks around a direct quotation, omitting a text citation for a summary or a paraphrase, and omitting a text citation for the ideas of another writer. Accidental plagiarism also includes submitting an assignment that has already been previously submitted in another course. Unfortunately, both types of plagiarism can result in a failing grade, suspension from the university, or even expulsion.

There are a few ways students can avoid plagiarism. The primary way to avoid plagiarism is to simply cite any ideas that are not one’s own. Citations help readers to locate the sources used in a paper. Citations should not only be used for direct quotes, but they should also be provided when information is paraphrased or summarized from another author. Paraphrasing a source’s material is a good way to avoid copying directly from an outside source and possibly being reprimanded. If any questions or concerns arise about APA format, please feel free to contact the CSU Writing Center by email at [email protected] or by phone at 1-800-977-8449 ext. 6538.

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Citing Sources

When writing a paper in APA 6th edition style, there are two specific ways to cite the information that is used: within the text and in the reference list at the end of the paper. Citations are utilized when a phrase, a piece of specific information, or a sequence of sentences is drawn from an outside source. To meet APA requirements specified for CSU written essay responses, one must include text citations and a reference list if any outside sources are used. For formal papers (e.g., research papers, article critiques, etc.), follow all guidelines listed in this handout. For all rules and requirements of APA, please refer to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which can be purchased through the American Psychological Association at http://apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx.

Citations in Text

A text citation should be used when a phrase, a piece of specific information, an idea, or a hypothesis is drawn from an outside source.

Text citations are also required when putting the author’s information in your own words (paraphrasing).

Citing helps to prevent plagiarism, and it acknowledges the original author of the information used.

Text citations and reference citations must always correspond; each text citation must have a matching reference citation and vice-versa. APA uses the author-year method of citation.

It is standard practice for the period at the end of the sentence to be placed after the last parentheses of the text citation. An exception is made if inserting a direct quote that contains 40 or more words; in this instance, the period is placed directly before the text citation.

Paraphrased Information When paraphrasing or summarizing a source provide the author’s last name and year of publication (separated by a comma).While it is not required for paraphrased passages, providing a page number in addition to the author and year is encouraged, as it might help the reader locate the relevant information. If page numbers are added when paraphrasing, make sure page numbers are continuously added for consistency. When in doubt, make sure to consult with your faculty member to determine his or her preference on adding page numbers in citations. Direct Quotations If utilizing a direct quote, this must be indicated by placing the passage in quotation marks. Further, the specific page number is always required. If there is no page number for the source you are using, as this is the case for many electronic sources, provide the paragraph number in its place. Use the abbreviation para.

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Examples of text citations

Reference Type

Examples of text citations

Paraphrased information from one author

It has been found … can be concluded (Simpson, 2007).

According to Simpson (2007), … can cause problems.

Other people say… based on Simpson (2007).

Paraphrased information from two authors

There are … at this point (Stemmer & Tisdale, 2008).

Stemmer and Tisdale (2008) mention …. a set of styles.

This plan will ….. according to Stemmer and Tisdale (2008).

Paraphrased information from three to five authors

A meal …. can be tasted (Brown, Collins, & Makel, 2001). **After the first citation is used, shorten to first author’s last name et al. Once decided….can be taught (Brown et al., 2001).

Paraphrased information from six to seven authors

**For more than five authors, use first author’s last name et al. each time.

When stating…. can be located (Padgett et al., 2004).

Padgett et al. (2004) explain … is further noted.

Direct quotation less than 40 words

“It is amazing…with confidence” (OSHA, 2010, p. 121).

According to Davis and Dudley (2005), “We are….to save” (para. 5).

“What is lost…come at all” (Ingram et al., 2001, pp. 8-9).

Paraphrased information with no author listed

When using data …. can be seen (“Title of Document,” 2003).

If information is … was conquered (“Driving and Talking,” 2004).

According to “Leadership Versus Management” (2001), …. is an art form.

Information from a secondary source

It can be found … in Stemmer’s work (as cited in Pratt, 2008). **Add the page number if you use a direct quote from Stemmer found in Pratt’s work. According to Stemmer’s work (as cited in Pratt, 2008), “ ..…” (p. 65).

Information via personal communication

**Personal communication should only be listed in the text, not on the reference list.

J. M. Newsome (personal communication, May 30, 2008) expressed …

…of time (V. P. DeLuca, personal communication, November 9, 2007).

Information found in classical works

**Classical works should only be listed in the text, not on the reference list.

…will have everlasting life (John 3:16 New Revised Standard Version).

…as read in the Bible in John 3:16 (New Revised Standard Version).

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Direct Quotations of 40 or more words

Block quotations (quotes that contain 40 words or more) are formatted differently, as they have no quotation marks. In formal writing, block quotations are acceptable, although their use should not be in excess. While block quotes are accepted in formal writing, the use of them in essay responses is not encouraged due to the length of the assignment. Block quotations are indented an additional .5” and double spaced. As previously mentioned, the period is placed before the citation.

Example of block quote text citation

Block Quotation Example

The solutions proposed by a number of advocacy groups underscore this interest in political

and cultural change. A report outlined trends that may have contributed to the childhood

obesity crisis.

This includes food advertising for children as well as a reduction in physical education

classes and after-school athletic programs, an increase in the availability of sodas and

snacks in public schools, the growth in the number of fast-food outlets, and the

increasing number of highly processed high-calorie and high-fat grocery products.

(Kaiser, 2004, pp. 1-2)

Reference List

The reference list is of the utmost importance, as it allows the reader to access the sources cited in the text and enables the student writer to give credit where credit is due. For this reason, the references should contain accurate information, as well as proper punctuation and spelling. References will follow the conclusion of any APA document. For each reference listed, there will be at least one corresponding text citation in the document. Examples of reference source formatting can be found on the following pages.

If there is a digital object identifier (DOI) available, include that in the reference. The DOI is precisely used to give the reader information about where the document can be found on the Internet. The DOI is typically located near the copyright notice on the first page of the electronic journal article. In the case that there is no DOI, provide the name of the database or homepage URL of the web page where you found the article.

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Multiple citations containing the same author and year should be listed alphabetically by the title of the book or article. A lowercase a, b, c, etc. should be placed after the year to distinguish between the entries. This is also used in the text citations. For example:

Smith, J. (2013a). How to groom cats. New York, NY: Garden Press.

Smith, J. (2013b). How to groom dogs. New York, NY: Garden Press.

Examples of reference list entries Reference List

What to include Information and Examples

General Referencing Information

When listing the author on the reference list, the last name should be first, followed by the author’s first and middle (if applicable) initials. Ex: Smith, J. R.

References should be placed in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name, by associates (if the work is authorized by an organization), or by anonymous. Anonymous should only be listed as the author if it is signed as such.

If a particular person did not create the document being cited, use the organization that created the document.

The document title can be substituted as the author if no author is provided. In this case, the first word of the title will dictate the alphabetical placement (a, an, and the notwithstanding).

The letters “n.d.” (no date) can be utilized if the source listed has no listed date. Substitute “n.d.” where the date would normally go. Ex: Smith, R. T. (n.d.)…

Professional credentials should not be used on the reference page (i.e. Ph.D.).

References beginning with numerals should have the numerals spelled out.

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Reference List

What to include Information and Examples

General Referencing Information continued

States should be identified with their two letter abbreviations (e.g. AL, MS, and NY).

Spell out cities and countries outside the United States.

Books

In a book or journal, magazine, or newspaper article title on the reference list, only capitalize the first word of the title, proper nouns, and the first word after a colon or dash.

Journal articles and books only require the listing of the year, rather than the entire date.

Book and periodical titles should be italicized within the reference list.

Book Author(s). (date of publication). Book title. City, State of publication: Publisher.

Book Examples:

Duenwald, M., Ronald, R. P., & Smith, J. W. (2004). Addiction and environmental change. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

Norman, D. J. (2002). The cat in the hat: Psychological process of younglings. New York, NY: Grumble & Grumble.

Periodicals: Journals, magazines, and newspaper articles

For the title of the actual journal, magazine, or newspaper, use standard title capitalization. Capitalize all words with the exception of conjunctions, articles, and short propositions; however, capitalize all words that have four letters or more.

Magazine articles, newsletters, and newspaper articles require the listing of the entire date (month or month and day). Ex: (2001, May) or (2001, May 2)

Journal articles and books only require the year.

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Reference List

What to include Information and Examples

Periodicals: Journals, magazines, and newspaper articles continued

For journal articles, there is no need to write out the words volume, issue, p., or pp. Providing the actual numbers in correct order will suffice.

Book and periodical titles should be italicized within the reference list.

Printed journal Author(s). (date of publication). Article title. Journal Title, volume (issue), page numbers. Online journal Author(s). (date of publication). Article title. Journal Title, volume (issue), page numbers. Retrieved from information (database, URL, or doi)

Journal Examples:

Stanton, G. C. (2008). Education in the minds of millions. Education Quarterly, 5(13), 567-580.

Smith, J. E. (2003). Addiction and

environmental change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(3), 47-68. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

Smith, J. E. (2003). Addiction and

environmental change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(3), 47-68. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/psp/

Geller, F., & Frank, P. T. (2005). North land

icebergs. Science Weekly, 5(8), 55-70. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1123/j.2354- 6970.2005.29384.x

Personal conversations, emails, interviews, and letters

(Do not include on the reference page.)

Due to retrieval inability, personal conversations, emails, interviews, and letters should not be listed on the reference page. Instead, cite personal communication in the text. For an example, see the chart on page 6 (information via personal communication).

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Reference List

What to include Information and Examples

Websites

For Internet sources that end with a URL, do not add a period after the URL. Otherwise, the period might be mistaken as part of the URL.

To ensure accuracy, the direct URL should always be tested prior to submission.

Website Author(s). (date of publication). Title of page. Retrieved from information (including direct URL)

Website Examples:

Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Retrieved from http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its /mobile_phone_text.htm

**If there is not an author listed, you can use the company that created the website.

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (2004). OSHA directorate of training and education. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/index.html

PowerPoint slides

PowerPoint references are very simple, with only four pieces of information.

The PowerPoint format description in brackets is used because the format is something out of the ordinary. Other times this format is used is for blog posts and lecture notes.

PowerPoint Examples:

Sprott, J. C. (2000). Is global warming for real? [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/lectures.ppt

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Reference List

What to include Information and Examples

PowerPoint slides continued

PowerPoint Author(s). (date of publication). Title of slideshow [Format of document]. Retrieved from information

**If there is no author, list the title of the document first.

How to succeed in business [PowerPoint slides]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://online.columbiasouthern.edu /webapps.jsp

Newspaper

Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp.

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. C1, C4, C6–B9).

Newspaper Author(s). (exact date of publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, pp. or Retrieved from information

Newspaper Example:

Janega, J. (2014, February 17). Growth questions worth asking. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from http://bluesky .chicagotribune.com/originals/chi- business-growth-questions- bsi,0,0.storygallery?track=bluesky-ct- head#introduction

Fitzpatrick, A. J. (2011, September 3). What affects U.S. economic growth? The Daily Record, pp. B2, B4.

Selecting Appropriate Research Sources In academic writing, certain types of resources are considered acceptable. All sources mentioned in this guide are sources that are considered to be academic sources. If you have any questions regarding acceptable and unacceptable sources or how different types of sources (e.g., databases, journals, peer reviews, etc.) can be used, please contact the CSU Library. Additional information about the CSU Library can be found on page 18 of this guide.

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Formatting

When writing any type of formal paper (e.g. research papers, articles critiques, case studies, etc.), the document should have text citations and a reference list and should be formatted in accordance to APA format. The following are specific instructions on how to set up a document in APA format using Microsoft Word:

Document formatting in APA style

General Formatting

Information

Margins All margins (top, bottom, and sides) should be set at one inch.

Microsoft Word allows the user to set the margin at a default of one inch on all sides.

Alignment/ Line Spacing

All documents following APA guidelines are required to be flush-left style and double-spaced throughout the entire document.

Additional spacing should not be used between headings and paragraphs.

Font Type and Size The preferred font type is Times New Roman. Additionally, APA requires the font size to be 12 point.

Paragraph Indention All papers typed in APA format require the first line of each paragraph to be indented .5”.

This can easily be done by striking TAB on the keyboard.

Page Header (Running head)

The page header should be found at the top of each page of the APA document.

The page header consists of both the running head and the page number.

The running head should be flush-left style and one- half inch from the top margin.

The title page should consist of the words Running head followed by a colon and the title of the paper in all capital letters.

All subsequent pages should include only the title in all capital letters (see page 20 for an example).

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General Formatting

Information

Page Header (Running head) continued

The maximum number of characters (including spaces) after the colon is 50.

Only the major words should be used if the title exceeds the standard 50 character limit.

The page number should also be included on the same line as the running head but will be right aligned.

Steps for document formatting

Formatting Steps

Title Page:

The title page of the document can be thought of as the paper’s first impression. For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the format required by APA.

1. The running head is flush left; the page number is flush right. Both of these should be .5” from the top of the page.

2. In the center of the page should be the title, student’s name, and name of school.

Abstract:

NOTE: All papers at CSU do not require an abstract. Please consult the course syllabus or professor for specifications about this.

1. The abstract tells the audience why they should care about the presented topic.

2. It provides the methods that will be utilized in order to get the results.

3. Abstracts (if applicable) will begin with the word Abstract (italics would not be used in the actual document) centered and one inch from the top of the page.

4. The abstract itself should be flush left and should not be indented.

5. The abstract should be an accurate and concise reflection of the document’s content.

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Formatting Steps

Abstract continued: 6. Typically, the abstract should only be one paragraph (150-250 words) in length with no direct quotations and be on a page of its own directly after the title page.

Headings: 1. Headings are titles of different sections of a formal written assignment.

2. They can be used to add structure, organize ideas, and tell the reader what content to expect.

3. The following headings should be used when required:

required: