Virtual Lab: Sex-Linked Traits

Worksheet

1. Go to: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_06/index.html

2. Please make sure you have read through all of the information in the “Questions” and “Information” areas. If you come upon terms that are unfamiliar to you, please refer to your textbook for further explanation or search the word here: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx

3. Next, complete the Punnett square activity by clicking on the laboratory notebook. Please be sure to note the possible genotypes of the various flies:

When you have completed the Punnett square activity, return to the laboratory scene to begin the actual laboratory activity.

4. In this exercise, you will perform a Drosophila mating in order to observe sex-linked trait transmission. Please click on the shelf in the laboratory. Here you will find vials of fruit flies. On the TOP shelf, please click on one of the female vials (on the left side) and then drag it to the empty vial on the shelf below. Please repeat this step using one of the male vials (on the right side). These flies will be used as the parental (P) generation. You may switch your parent choices at any time by dragging out old selections and dragging in new flies. Use the Punnett square below to predict the genotypes/phenotypes of the offspring (Note: refer to the genotype table you created above if needed):

___% Female, red eye ___% Female, white eye ___% Male, red eye ___% Male, white eye

When you are finished, click “Mate and Sort”.

5. You will now see information appear in the vials sitting on the next shelf below. These are the offspring of the parent flies you selected above, and they represent the first filial (F1) generation. In your “Data Table” on the bottom of the page and/or on Table I found at the end of this Worksheet, please input the numbers of each sex and phenotype combination for the F1 generation. These numbers will be placed into the first row marked “P generation Cross”.

6. You will next need to select one of the F1 female flies and one of the F1 male flies to create the second filial (F2) generation. Drag your selections down to the empty vial on the next shelf below and fill in the Punnett square below to predict the offspring:

___% Female, red eye ___% Female, white eye ___% Male, red eye ___% Male, white eye

After clicking “Mate and Sort”, you will now have information on their offspring (the F2 generation) to input into your “Data Table” or Worksheet below. This information will be placed into the second row marked “F1 generation Cross”.

NOTE: there are additional lines remaining to use if your instructor requires the analysis of additional crosses.

7. Please finish this exercise by opening the “Journal” link at the bottom of the page and answering the questions.

Table I:

Post-laboratory Questions:

1. Through fruit fly studies, geneticists have discovered a segment of DNA called the homeobox which appears to control:

a. Sex development in the flies

b. Life span in the flies

c. Final body plan development in the flies

2. The genotype of a red-eyed male fruit fly would be:

a. XRXR

b. XRXr

c. XrXr

d. A or B

e. None of the above

3. Sex-linked traits:

a. Can be carried on the Y chromosome

b. Affect males and females equally

c. Can be carried on chromosome 20

d. A and B

e. None of the above

4. A monohybrid cross analyzes:

a. One trait, such as eye color

b. Two traits, such as eye color and wing shape

c. The offspring of one parent

5. A female with the genotype “XRXr”:

a. Is homozygous for the eye color gene

b. Is heterozygous for the eye color gene

c. Is considered a carrier for the eye color gene

d. A and B

e. B and C

6. In T.H. Morgan’s experiments:

a. He concluded that the gene for fruit fly eye color is carried on the X chromosome

b. He found that his F1 generation results always mirrored those predicted by Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

c. He found that his F2 generation results always mirrored those predicted by Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

d. A and B

e. All of the above

7. In this laboratory exercise:

a. The Punnett square will allow you to predict the traits of the offspring created in your crosses

b. XR will represent the recessive allele for eye color, which is white

c. Xr will represent the dominant allele for eye color, which is red

d. All of the above

8. In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male, what percentage of the female offspring is expected to be carriers?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

9. In a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male:

a. All males will have red eyes

b. 50% of males will have white eyes

c. All females will have red eyes

d. 50% of females will have white eyes

10. In human diseases that are X-linked dominant, one dominant allele causes the disease. If an affected father has a child with an unaffected mother:

a. All males are unaffected

b. Some but not all males are affected

c. All females are unaffected

d. Some but not all females are affected

Journal Questions:

1. Explain why all mutations are not necessarily harmful.

2. Does changing the sequence of nucleotides always result in a different amino acid sequence? Explain.

3. Explain the differences between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.

Mental Health Evaluation

Introduction

This is a fictional evaluation for a made up client who has been accused of attempted homicide of an employee. The client is being evaluated for competency to stand trial and understand the Miranda warnings at the time of arrest. Mr. Smallie was involved with a male several years younger than him for a few short months and believed the male to be blackmailing him by threatening to expose his relationship with him. Mr. Smallie engaged the male lover in an altercation that resulted in the male lover being critically wounded.

The insanity defense has been described as a symbol of the relationship between law and psychiatry. As such, it has always been the subject of intense legal and public scrutiny, despite the fact that it is infrequently raised and seldom successful. The Forensic Psychologists are often depended upon by the criminal justice system to provide these evaluations, which require a high degree of training and expertise (Knoll, & Resnick, 2007).

Conducting insanity evaluations provides a clear and concise outline of the clinical methods employed in the assessment of criminal responsibility. These clinical methods are framed by insanity standards and relevant case law. Professionals often struggle with the challenges of insanity evaluations in different ways based on their training and current responsibilities. Substantial differences are observed even between forensic experts. Forensic psychologists are typically trained in the scientist-practitioner model, with a strong emphasis on both clinical practice and its theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Attorneys and forensic experts are often frustrated by treaties on forensic psychology and psychiatry that have a plethora of clinical folklore and a dearth of empirical research (Rogers & Shuman, 2000).

There are various tests one can use to determine insanity. The M’Naghten Rule is the most widely used test and a defendant is deemed to be legally insane if he or she is unaware of what they were doing when the offense occurred. The Irresistible Impulse test is used by a number of states in combination with the M’Naghten Rule and focuses on volition. The Durham Rule is only used in New Hampshire and places a great deal of emphasis on scientific psychological evaluations and evidence. The Model Penal Code is an updated definition of the insanity defense and addresses some of the weaknesses of the other tests (Hayes, n.d.).

When juveniles are being transferred to the adult criminal system, mental health professionals are typically consulted for evaluation and testimony with respect to various issues, the most central being the juvenile’s amenability to treatment within the juvenile justice system. This document offers information that should help psychologists frame the relevant psycho-legal issues accurately, including recognizing distinctions between clinical and legal definitions of amenability. Forensic evaluator’s need to draw not only from the clinical literature related to juvenile risk assessment and treatment amenability, but also from applicable statutes and case law, with recognition of feasible local resources (Loving & Patapis, 2006).

The following pages are an example of the Forensic Mental Health Assessment form that is required when reviewing cases for the legal system. This document is presented to the courts for review and used to determine sanity or insanity in trials.

Forensic Mental Health Assessment

Report to the Circuit Court

Chapter 916, Part II, Florida Statutes

I. IDENTIFYING INFORMATION:

Defendant: Stewart Smallie DOB: 8/10/58

Sex: Male Race/Ethnicity: Caucasian

Case Number: 2017-FL-002732

Related Charges: Attempted Homicide

II. REFERRAL AND SERVICES INFORMATION:

Mr. Smallie is a 59 year old male who was referred to this office by Attorney Dave Aronberg of the Palm Beach County State Attorney’s Office, 15th Judicial Circuit, and Mr. Smallie’s attorney Carey Haughwont, of Palm Beach County, Florida. Mr. Smallie was charged with attempted homicide on October 31, 2017 when he was engaged in an altercation with an employee, Jose Rodriquez, at his place of business. Mr. Smallie signed a confession stating he did attempt to murder Mr. Rodriquez.

I was asked to address Mr. Smallie’s competency to (1) enter a plea and (2) exercise Miranda rights at the time of his detention and interrogation (Melton, 2007). Mr. Smallie was advised of the nature and purpose of the evaluation. Mr. Smallie was informed that the resulting report was not confidential, and that information obtained could be included in the report that would be submitted to the Court. He was aware this information was not related to treatment, but rather for his court case. Mr. Smallie was provided this information both orally and in written format. He stated that he understood the information provided to him, including the limits of confidentiality and his rights concerning the evaluation (Capella University, 2017).

III. SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

This clinic has the following sources of information available to this case: a summary of the police investigation relating to the incident Mr. Smallie is charged with, prepared on November 2, 2017 by Officer Brandon Lopez of the Boca Raton Police Department, a summary of the psychiatric report on Mr. Smallie from St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach, Florida, prepared by Dr. Michael Rogers, Medical Director for St. Mary’s Medical Center-Behavioral Unit, a copy of Mr. Smallie’s indictment, and the deposition of arresting Officer Lopez, and the clinic’s own evaluation, consisting of a two-hour social history interview, a two-and-a-half-hour clinical interview, and administration of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) and several instruments that help measure capacity to exercise interrogation rights (the comprehension of Miranda rights, comprehension of Miranda rights – true/false, comprehension of Miranda vocabulary, and function of rights in interrogation measures. Melton, 2007)).

IV: RELEVANT HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie has been seeing a local therapist for treatment with multiple mental disorders. Mr. Smallie is a single white male, 59 years of age. He stands approximately 5’10” and weighs about 170 pounds. He wears thick black frame glasses, thin build, and is balding. He owns a large computer software company in South Florida that employees over 100 people and is top in sales in the state of Florida. Mr. Smallie has been very successful in his business and is worth several million dollars. Mr. Smallie recently experienced a separation from a three year relationship with a female whom he regularly attended a prominent high end member’s only adult club with. The separation was amicable and they have remained friends.

Mr. Smallie has an adult daughter from a past marriage to a person he dated in college. Mr. Smallie has been in many sexual relationships with both men and women and has embraced the “swinger” lifestyle. He has a regular habit of viewing pornography at his home and at various theaters and has been involved in secretly watching neighbors and others while they engage in sexual activities, with and without permission or consent. Mr. Smallie recently became involved with a younger male who is employed in his firm. Mr. Smallie has only met this person while in disguise and the employee is not aware of his working relationship with Mr. Smallie. Shortly after becoming involved with the employee Mr. Smallie began receiving notices via email and mail by an anonymous person(s) who has threatened to expose Mr. Smallie’s lifestyle. Mr. Smallie believes these notices are coming from this employee in an attempt to blackmail him. There is no past history of Mr. Smallie having been admitted into a psychiatric hospital prior to the above charges. Mr. Smallie made several statements to the attending therapist and various others in regards to suicide. He was assigned to outpatient treatment for the suicide threats and was being treated for this via therapy and medication.

V. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie obtained a Master’s degree in Business Administration at Harvard University. Mr. Smallie was a valedictorian in his graduating class and graduated with honors.

VI. WORK AND MILITARY HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie has no military service or background. Mr. Smallie has established a very successful software company located in Boca Raton and currently employees over 100 people. Before starting his own company, Mr. Smallie worked in various jobs as a bartender, and at one time modeled for an exotic photo layout.

VII. RELATIONSHIP HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie was raised in a very strict catholic household and was forbidden to date or become involved in any relationships until adulthood. Mr. Smallie grew up in a two parent household however the father was rarely present. Mr. Smallie’s mother did not work and was the primary caretaker of the household. When Mr. Smallie was a young child he was disciplined in various ways by both the mother and father to the point of possible child abuse. Mr. Smallie stated his first sexual encounter was during the exotic photo shoot he was hired to do at the age of 20 years old. He engaged in oral sex with another male at the time. Mr. Smallie then went on to begin a relationship with a classmate of his and he was married to this person within a year of dating. His relationship to his wife resulted in one child, a daughter that he is very close to. Approximately 10 years into the marriage Mr. Smallie was divorced and living on his own. He has never married again and has been in several meaningless relationships throughout his adult life. The latest long term relationship ended recently when the female partner he was with moved to another state to pursue a career goal she had. They have remained good friends. Mr. Smallie has been experimenting with his desire for men and recently became involved with an employee of his. The relationship has only been going on for a few months and it is believed the employee was not aware Mr. Smallie owned the company he worked for.

VIII. SUBSTANCE USE HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie uses alcohol on a recreational level and has only experimented with illegal substances like marijuana and cocaine on a few occasions. Mr. Smallie does not use any substances to excess and there is no life conflict regarding substance abuse issues.

IX. LEGAL HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie has no prior legal issues. He was a straight “A” student and did not engage in criminal activities as a child or adult.

X. MEDICAL HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie appears to be in good physical health and has a very high metabolism. Mr. Smallie has been examined by a medical physician and shows no signs of illness or deformities.

XI. PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY:

Mr. Smallie advised he has no history of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization and advised there is no known psychiatric issues in is family history. Mr. Smallie admits to recently being treated as an outpatient for his anxiety over possibly being exposed for his lifestyle choices and threats of suicide. Mr. Smallie advised he has no intentions of harming himself but was going through a “rough patch” when he started receiving the anonymous letters threatening to expose his sexual escapades.

XII. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING:

Mr. Smallie has been issued a number of psychological tests in regards to the evaluation process. He was examined using the M’Naghten Rule which is the legal requirement for the state of Florida. Mr. Smallie appeared to be aware of the crime he committed and understood the charges that are brought before him. Mr. Smallie appears to understand the sentencing process and what is required during the trial process. Mr. Smallie appeared to be aware of the Miranda warnings and recited them verbatim to this investigator while he was being interviewed. Mr. Smallie was also administered the WAIS-III which showed an above level of intelligence.

XIII. MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION:

Mr. Smallie is a 59 year old white male with a pale complexion. Mr. Smallie was oriented to time, place and person; that is, he knew what time of year and day it was, where he was, who he was, and who the interviewers were. He did seem somewhat confused as to the purpose of the interview, at one point stating that he felt his evaluation at the clinic was another attempt at delay by the “Law”. He understood, however, that the interview was somehow connected with his pending criminal proceeding.

Mr. Smallie is clean cut and well groomed. He maintained a sense of self and wellbeing and was very concerned with his appearance and stature. Mr. Smallie was administered the WAIS-III. He appeared to take the testing seriously, and thus the results probably accurately reflect his current intellectual functioning. Those results placed him in the above average to highly intellectual functioning, and indicate no discrepancies between his verbal and nonverbal, visual motor abilities (Melton, 2007).

XIV. DIAGNOSIS (DSM-5):

Hypersexual Disorder

300.02 (F41.1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

302.82 (F65.3) Voyeuristic Disorder

Other conditions to consider:

300.3 (F42) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

301.81 (F60.81) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

V69.9 (Z72.9) Problem related to lifestyle

XV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

According to all the available information, Mr. Smallie has coherently described the events leading up to his confession, the important aspects of which are corroborated by the police report. During the clinical interview, Mr. Smallie volunteered with reasonable precision the Miranda notification. Mr. Smallie was then read the Miranda warnings and asked if he understood the meaning of the statement “You have the right to remain silent,” to which Mr. Smallie replied “you are not required to talk to the police when being interviewed.” When presented with the phrase “anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law,” Mr. Smallie responded, “If you say anything to them they will bring it up in court and use it to convict you.” When presented with the statement, “you have the right to an attorney,” Mr. Smallie said “that means I have a right to be represented by an attorney if I want one present during questioning.” And then lastly, when asked to explain what he thought of the statement “if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you,” Mr. Smallie stated, “I have no problem affording an attorney! However, I’m sure that those less privileged than I may need to have one provided to them by the state”. Mr. Smallie was also administered four tests developed by Grisso to examine understanding of Miranda rights. His score was 8 out of a possible 8 on the comprehension of Miranda Rights measure and 12 out of 12 on the comprehension of Miranda vocabulary measure. His score of 12 out of 12 on the comprehension of Miranda Rights-True/False and 30 out of 30 on the function of rights in interrogation measures on the upper level of intelligence and understanding (Melton, 2007).

After completing the interviews and tests on Mr. Smallie, it is believed that Mr. Smallie is of sane mind and was at the time of the incident. Mr. Smallie is aware of his actions and the punishment’s he is facing. Mr. Smallie makes no claims of insanity and stated he is just going along with the interview because he was told to do so by his attorney.

References:

Capella University. (2017). Draft of Forensic Evaluation. Retrieved from https://courseroomc.capella.edu/webapps/blackboard/messaging/course/messageDetail.jsp?nav=messages&course_id=_76583_1&folder=inbox&course_message_id=7b8b6e13385c4c1685bf9aac6c292f66

Hayes, C. (n.d.). The four tests used for determining legal insanity. The Law Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from http://thelawdictionary.org/article/four-tests-used-determining-legal-insanity/

Knoll, J. L., Resnick, P. J. (2007). Insanity defense evaluations: Toward a model for evidence-based practice. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention. Retrieved from http://www.upstate.edu/psych/pdf/education/fellowships/insanity_defense.pdf

Loving, J. L., Patapis, N. S. (2006). Evaluating juvenile amenability to treatment: integrating statutes and case law into clinical practice. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j158v07n01_07

Melton, G. B. (2007). Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, Third Edition, 3rd Edition. [Bookshelf.Online]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781606237397

Rogers, R., Shuman, D. (2000). Conducting Insanity Evaluations, 2nd Edition. The Guilford Press, New York, NY