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Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal theory in Nursing
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Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal theory in Nursing
Peplau's interpersonal theory is one of the most influential theories in nursing. Peplau's theory provides a framework for nurses to understand and address the psychological needs of patients. Peplau's theory has been used to guide nursing education, research, and practice (Wasaya et al., 2021. p. 368). Peplau's work shaped how psychiatric nurses view and treat their patients.
Hildegard Peplau was a German-American nurse and psychoanalyst best known for her contributions to psychiatric nursing. However, she is best known for her theory of interpersonal relations, which she first proposed in 1952 (Reed & Hall, 2018, p. 314). Hildegard Peplau was born in Germany in 1909. She emigrated to the United States in 1927 and began her nursing career in New York City.
Peplau received her nursing diploma from the New York Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1931. She then completed a psychiatric nursing certificate at the Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts (Forchuk, 2021, p. 7). Peplau completed her psychiatric nursing training at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas and became a certified psychiatric nurse in 1943. Peplau also received a degree in psychoanalysis from the William Alanson White Institute in New York City. She began teaching at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing in 1947 and was appointed a full professor in 1963.
Peplau was awarded the American Psychiatric Association's Distinguished Service Award in 1974 and the American Nurses Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1983. Peplau retired from teaching in 1976 but remained active in nursing research and practice. She died in 1999. Peplau's major accomplishment was her theory of interpersonal relations (Reed & Hall, 2018, p. 314). Her theory has been influential in the development of nursing education and practice and has been cited as a significant contribution to the field of psychiatric nursing.
Peplau's most significant contribution to the psychiatric nursing field was her interpersonal relations theory. Peplau's theory proposed that the nurse-patient relationship is central to healing. In addition, Peplau believed that the nurse-patient relationship could be used to facilitate the patients' self-understanding and growth (Forchuk, 2021, p. 9). Peplau's theory has been highly influential in developing psychiatric nursing as a profession. Peplau's other accomplishments include her work on the first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and her work on the development of the Nurses' Mental Health Association.
The Theory’s Core Concepts
The core concepts of Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal theory are:
The nurse-patient relationship is the key to successful nursing care: The nurse-patient relationship is the foundation of successful nursing care. First, the nurse-patient relationship is based on trust, respect, and communication (Wasaya et al., 2021. p. 369). The nurse-patient relationship is therapeutic, in which the nurse uses her knowledge and skills to help the patient meet his or her needs. Finally, the nurse-patient relationship is dynamic in which both parties learn from and influence each other.
The patient is seen as an individual with unique needs: The patient is seen as an individual with unique needs. The nurse must individualize the care she provides to each patient, considering the patient's unique circumstances and needs (Carvalho & Cordeiro, 2018, p. 53). The nurse-patient relationship is based on mutual trust and respect: The nurse-patient relationship is based on mutual trust and respect. The nurse must be honest with the patient and respect the patient's privacy and dignity. The patient must be able to trust the nurse to provide competent and compassionate care.
The nurse-patient relationship is a therapeutic one, in which the nurse uses her knowledge and skills to help the patient meet his or her needs: The nurse-patient relationship is a therapeutic one, in which the nurse uses her knowledge and skills to help the patient meet his or her needs (Forchuk, 2021, p. 11). The nurse-patient relationship is dynamic in which both parties learn from and influence each other. The nurse and the patient have a role to play in the relationship, and both parties can learn from and influence each other.
Relevance
Theorist’s Connection to the Theory
Hildegard Peplau was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1909. She attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated with a degree in psychiatric nursing in 1931. Peplau then went on to work as a psychiatric nurse at a hospital in New York City. In 1953, she became a professor at the same hospital, where she taught until her retirement in 1976.
Peplau's interpersonal theory is based on the belief that the nurse-client relationship is therapeutic in nature and that the nurse is a professional with a unique body of knowledge that can be used to help the client (Dal’Bosco et al., 2021, p. 75). The nurse-client relationship is seen as a dyadic relationship in which both the nurse and the client are equal partners. The client is seen as an active participant in his or her care, and the nurse is seen as a resource to the client. The goal of the nurse-client relationship is to help the client meet his or her needs and promote health and well-being.
Theory Connection to Today’s Healthcare
The interpersonal theory is relevant to healthcare today as it emphasizes the importance of the nurse-client relationship in promoting health and well-being. The theory is also relevant to the client, as it emphasizes the importance of the client being an active participant in their care. Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal theory is still relevant today because it emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship (Cacayan et al., 2021, p. 247). This theory is based on the idea that the nurse and patient must work together to achieve the best possible outcome. The nurse must be able to understand the patient's needs and be able to provide the necessary support. The patient must also be willing to participate in their care. This theory is still relevant because it emphasizes the importance of communication and collaboration between the nurse and patient.
Application to Research and Practice
Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal theory is highly relevant to current research and practice. The theory provides a framework for understanding and predicting human behavior and can be applied to various settings. Peplau's work has been highly influential in developing nursing research and practice, and her theory is still widely used today.
Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal theory can be applied to research and practice in several ways. For example, the theory can help explain and predict human behavior in social situations. The theory can study the dynamics of human relationships, examine how people interact with one another, and investigate how people develop and change over time (Dal’Bosco et al., 2021, p. 75). Additionally, the theory can guide interventions and treatments for mental and emotional disorders. These interventions and therapies aim at improving the quality of people’s lives and interpersonal relationships. The theory can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and therapies.
The theory can be used to inform educational programs and public policy initiatives aimed at promoting healthy social interactions. The theory can be used to study a wide range of topics, including communication, conflict resolution, and socialization. The interpersonal theory of Hildegard Peplau states that each individual has a unique set of interpersonal needs and that these needs are met through interactions with others (Wasaya et al., 2021, p. 23). According to the theory, people constantly strive to satisfy their interpersonal needs through relationships with others. When people cannot meet their needs, they may experience psychological distress. The theory posits that the quality of their relationships determines the quality of people's lives.
Summary
Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal theory is a psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships in developing and maintaining mental health. The theory is based on the premise that humans are social beings who need to interact with others to feel fulfilled and mentally healthy (Forchuk, 2021, p. 5). The theory also posits that mental health is a product of the interaction between the individual and their social environment.
The strength of this theory is its emphasis on the importance of social relationships in mental health. The theory is also based on sound psychological principles and has been supported by research (Forchuk, 2021, p. 13). Additionally, the theory can be used to explain how social relationships can be used to improve mental health. However, the theory has some limitations. For example, it does not consider individual differences or biology's role in mental health. Additionally, the theory does not explain how social relationships can be used to improve mental health.
References
Cacayan, E. B., Alvarado, A. E., Esmundo, O. A., Cruz, A. D., Felix, F. C., Franco, D., & Galima, J. M. D. (2021). Nursing Therapy in Dealing with Anxiety of COVID-19 Patients Based on the Model of Interpersonal Relations of Hildegard Peplau. Health Notions, 5(07), 232-341. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1644653
Carvalho, J. C., & Cordeiro, R. A. (2018). Theories of interpersonal relationships, transitions, and humanistic theories: Contribution to psychiatric/mental health nursing frameworks in Europe. In European Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing in the 21st Century (pp. 49-58). Springer, Cham. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319317717
Dal’Bosco, E. B., Floriano, L. S. M., Rangel, A. G. S. S., Ribas, M. C., Cavalheiro, A. P. G., Silva, C. L. D., & Cabral, L. P. A. (2021). Coping in mental health during social isolation: analysis in light of Hildegard Peplau. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614099/
Forchuk, C. (2021). Overview of Peplau’s Theory. In From Therapeutic Relationships to Transitional Care (pp. 3-15). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003000853-21/overview-peplau-theory-cheryl-forchuk
Reed, M., & Hall, S. (2018). 21 THERAPEUTIC ENGAGEMENT FOR. Essentials of Mental Health Nursing, 314. https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/9781526447166
Wasaya, F., Shah, Q., Shaheen, A., & Carroll, K. (2021). Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations: A case study. Nursing Science Quarterly, 34(4), 368-371. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34538167/
Wasaya, F., Zulfiqar, S., & Farhan, A. (2021). A Comparison and Integration of Two Nursing Theories into Clinical Practice: Betty Neuman and Hildegard Peplau. i-Manager's Journal on Nursing, 11(3), 4. 17-28.. https://imanagerpublications.com/article/17881/
Biometric Identification and Verification Seminar
Assignment 3 - Hints
1. Some linear algebra: If 𝒙 is a vector in a 5-dim space ℝ5, 𝒀 is a 5×2 matrix of two 5-
dimensional basis vectors 𝒚(1) and 𝒚(2) of a (2-dimensional) subspace, and the 2-
dimensional vector �̃� is the projection of 𝒙 into that subspace then �̃� = 𝒀𝑡 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙).
2. Some Matlab: In your assignment, you have to project eight (in fact 9) 3500-dimensional
vectors into a 7-dimensional subspace, and you may already guess that you don’t have
to write a for loop with eight iterations. The first step is to normalise the training vectors
by subtracting their mean from each one of them. For this, the Matlab function
repmat(X,I,j) is convenient. If X is the (3500×8) matrix of the training vectors, you
can replicate the (3500×1) mean vector mu 8 times horizontally by calling
repmat(mu,1,8) and do all 3500×8 subtractions in one go.
3. To be continued…
Question 1 – Face recognition
Perform a face identification task. For training, you are given 4 facial images of a person DG and 4 facial images of a person KS. For testing, you are given a facial image X that is known to be of
either DG or KS. The task is to determine the likelihood ratio 𝑝(𝑋|𝐷𝐺) 𝑝(𝑋|𝐾𝑆)
and on that basis to
decide which of the 2 persons is depicted by X and to state the level of confidence you have in the decision.
To begin, use the Matlab function call load([folder,'images.mat']) to load the 9 images into Matlab, where folder is the folder on your PC where the file images. Mat resides, for example folder=’C:\Users\Kate\Documents\Uni\Biometrics\’. The 9 images are stored in a Matlab cell array images, where bitmaps dg1…dg4 are accessed as
images{1}…images{4}, ks1…ks4 as images{5}…images{8}, and xx1 as images{9}.
Each bitmap is a 70x50 matrix of uint8 values representing grey-scale pixels. The faces have already been extracted from larger images and normalised such that the person’s right pupil is in a standard position. (You may also inspect the bmp images to confirm your result, but visual inspection and subjective judgment alone do not attract any marks!) In parts a) to c) of the question, you perform principal-component analysis on the training data.
a) Load the 8 training files into Matlab and convert each 70x50 matrix to a 3500x1 vector of double values by stacking the 50 matrix columns. Convert all values to double. Each vector then has all the 3500 components of the corresponding matrix, but double instead of uint8. [Hint: Use the Matlab functions load( ), reshape( ) and double( )]
Print the first 5 components of each (transposed) vector in your homework. [1.5 marks]
b) Determine the 3500x1 mean vector and the 3500x3500 covariance matrix of the 8 training vectors, then compute the first 7 principal axes of the feature space. [Hint: Combine the 8 training vectors into a 3500x8 matrix, then use the Matlab functions mean( ), cov( ) and eigs( )]
Print the first 5 components of the (transposed) mean vector and the top-left 5x5 components of the covariance matrix in your homework. [1.5 marks]
c) Project the training vectors onto the principal axes, thereby reducing each vector from 3500 components to 7 components. [Hint: Multiply the matrix of mean-normalised training vectors from the left with the transposed matrix of eigenvectors. Use the Matlab function repmat( ).]
Print ALL components of each (transposed) projected vector in your homework. [1 mark]
At this point, principal-component analysis is complete. Next, you have to calculate the models for Person DG and Person KS.
d) From the 4 projected training vectors of DG, compute the 7x1 DG mean vector and the 7x7 DG covariance matrix. Then diagonalise the covariance matrix. Do the same for KS. Together, the mean vector and diagonal covariance matrix of each person form that person’s face model. [Hint: Use the Matlab function diag( ).]
Print ALL components of the 2 (transposed) mean vectors and ALL components of the diagonals of the 2 covariance matrices in your homework. [1 mark]
At this point, training is complete. Finally, you need to calculate the PDFs of the test face given, respectively, the DG model and the KS model.
e) Load the test file and convert it to a 3500x1 vector of type double as in Q1a).
Print the first 5 components of the (transposed) vector in your homework.
f) Project the test vector onto the principal axes as in Q1c). [0.5 marks]
Print ALL components of the (transposed) projected vector in your homework. [0.5 marks]
g) For each of the 2 models, determine the probability density (PDF) that the test vector is
produced by that model and calculate the likelihood ratio 𝑝(𝑋|𝐷𝐺) 𝑝(𝑋|𝐾𝑆)
.
[Hint: Use the Matlab function mvnpdf( ).]
Print the 2 resulting PDFs, the likelihood ratio and the log10-likelihood ratio in your homework. [1 mark]
h) Finally and assuming equal priors and one-zero decision costs, state whether your statistical evidence supports the hypothesis 𝐻(𝐷𝐺|𝑋) that the test face belongs to Person DG or the hypothesis 𝐻(𝐾𝑆|𝑋) that the test face belongs to Person KS. How confident are you of the decision? Use the likelihood ratio you calculated to support your conclusion.
Print your statement in plain English in your homework. [1 mark]
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