Introduction_to_Counseling_An_Art_and_Science_PerspectiveChapter

Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

Chapter 9:

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

The Art & Science of Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling

Goal to help clients understand how thoughts impact behavior

Identify dysfunctional thoughts

Explore the etiology of these thoughts

Focuses on overt and measurable behavior

The Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

The Cognitive-Behavioral Theories (continued)

Roots in Behavioral Theory

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Social Learning Theory

Behavioral Therapy Concepts

Behavior therapy concentrates on overt, observable behavioral processes and cognitions.

Behavior therapy focuses on the here and now.

Maladaptive behaviors are primarily the result of learning.

Well-defined, concrete goals are used.

Behavior therapy is committed to the scientific method.

Behavior therapy is based on empiricism.

Behavior therapy is active and transparent.

Behavioral Therapy Techniques

Cognitive Behavioral Modification

Self-instructional therapy

Stress inoculation training

Cognitive structures and internal speech determine behavior

Self-Management and Self-Control

Helping clients become their own agent of change

Self-Efficacy

Enhancing person’s belief in his or her abilities

Behavioral Therapy Techniques (continued)

Participant Modeling

Based on Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Role of observation and imitation in learning

Assertiveness Training

Involves identifying need, realizing how increase assertiveness can help, practicing then feedback

Behavioral Therapy Techniques (continued)

Systematic Desensitization

Teach deep relaxation

Develop a hierarchy

Proceed through the hierarchy

Address the fear in vivo

Follow up and evaluate

Token Economy

Tokens are used to reinforce desired behavior

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis founding father

Named theory to highlight the interrelationship among thoughts, feelings and behaviors in functioning

Maintained that people were best understood through their self-talk

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Key Concepts

The Role of Cognition

Self-defeating statements: Self-damnation, I-can’t-stand-it-it is, and Awfulizing:

The A-B-C-D-E Acronym

Activating event

Belief about the event

Emotional Consequence

Dispute self-defeating thoughts

Effect of dispute

REBT Techniques

Cognitive

Cognitive restructuring

Reframing

Referencing

Emotive

focuses on the client’s affect or emotional domain

helps clients learn how to accept themselves

REBT Techniques (continued)

Operant Behavioral

Conditioning

Assertiveness training

Systematic desensitization

Relaxation therapy

Self-management

Homework assignments

Cognitive Therapy

Aaron Beck founder

Rejected his early training in psychoanalysis

Best known for his work with depression

Developed Beck Depression Inventory

Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts

Based off of premise that people respond to life events through a combination of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral responses.

Cognitive processes at the core of many mental health concerns.

Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts (continued)

The Role of Cognition in Mental Health

Cognitive Vulnerability

Cognitive Distortions

Arbitrary inference

Selective abstraction

Overgeneralization

Magnification and minimization

Personalization

Dichotomous thinking

Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts (continued)

Systematic Bias in Information Processing

Cognitive Triad of Depression

Cognitive Model of Anxiety

Cognitive Therapy Techniques

Decatastrophizing

Reattribution Technique

Redefining

Decentering

Behavioral Techniques

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Eric Berne founder

Emphasizes role of interpersonal relationships in psychological functioning

Commonalities among interpersonal theories:

Problems are conceptualized from an interpersonal perspective

Familial interaction patterns are the best means of understanding

oneself and others.

The counselor-client relationship can be used to work through relationship issues.

Transactional Analysis Key Concepts

The Interpersonal Perspective

psychopathology is understood as a manifestation of intrapersonal and interpersonal forces.

Ego States

parent ego state: represents the person’s morals and values

adult ego state: is the rational-thinking dimension

child ego state: is the uninhibited side of the personality- variety of emotions

Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)

Transactional Analysis

Analyzing transactions between people

Assessing the three ego states for complementary, crossed or ulterior

Games People Play

Usually played at a unconscious level

Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)

The Four Life Positions

“I’m OK, you’re OK”

“I’m OK, you’re not OK”

“I’m not OK, you’re OK”

“I’m not OK, you’re not OK”

Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)

Life Scripts

Created in early childhood

Includes messages from parents and other sources, e.g. fairy tales

Strokes

Basis for human relations is for recognition

TA Counseling Process

Goal is to help client become more autonomous, self-aware and spontaneous.

New decisions (redecisions)

Rewriting their life script

Ceasing to play games

Understanding their three ego states of parent, adult, and child

Avoiding crossed or ulterior transactions

Learning how to obtain and give positive strokes

TA Counseling Techniques

Structural analysis

Transactional analysis

Script analysis

Analysis of games

Reality Therapy

William Glasser founder

Deterred labels for mental health

Desired a realistic approach

Theory emphasizes role of choice and responsibility in human functioning

Appropriate choices can create “quality worlds”

Reality Therapy Key Concepts

Success and Failure Identity

Emphasis on Responsibility

View of Psychopathology

Positive Addiction

Control Theory

Choice Theory

Feminist Therapy

Early pioneers: Laura Brown, Harriet Lerner, Edna Rawlings and Carolyn Enns

Roots early 1960s Betty Friedan and others associated with feminism and the Women’s Liberation Movement

Recognizes the inner strength and resiliency of the human spirit and inherent drive for freedom and equality

Contextual factors like sociopolitical forces can create

Oppression and undermine self-actualizing tendencies

Feminist Therapy Key Concepts

Relational Focus

Social Constructionist Perspective

Diversity and Complexity of Women’s Lives

Shakitha Leavy

4115 Minnesota Ave NE Washington, DC 20019(901) 212-7899 [email protected]

PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY

Experienced professional with over a decade of experience successful launching, training, directing and managing large scale programs in a district by performing management functions such as, planning, scheduling, organizing, tracking processes, and ensuring the feasibility of each project. I have a proven track record in fostering long-term relationships and providing quality care. I can lead in life skills education with solid hands-on crisis management aptitude with fidelity.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Key Skills and Strengths include:

· Impactful Leadership – Adept at leading/managing cross functional programs, high performing teams under tough deadlines, to meet expectations of multiple customers

· Strong communication skills (verbal and written)

· Creative problem solving - effectively use data analysis, forethought and follow in solving complex project issues

· Organizational ability and multi-tasking skills

· Service orientation – “People person” and a team player”

______________________________________________________________________________

Work History

SOME Inc. 01/2020- present

Community Engagement Manager

· Increase recruited from 25% to 75%

· Stabilize recruitment at 93% student participation in just over six months

· Analyzed and evaluated the marketing programs and provided input and recommendations to the Marketing Director

· Hired, trained and coached staff to meet both customer service and program goals.

· Direct, analyzed and forecasted recruitment efforts to meet or exceed performance matrix including community outreach.

· Coordinated student retention efforts and staff development to drive program satisfaction and service.

· Streamlined and oversaw contracted services to ensure work quality met or exceeded expectations

On the Road to Success 01/2015 - 01/2020

Workforce Development Director

· Full budgetary responsibilities and creation of an annual community program plans

· Prepared monthly reporting on services provided to customers and number of customers that were serviced that month.

· Networked with other social service agencies to learn about their services and resources and create partnerships

· Maintain case files and regularly contact clients to assess their needs on a case by case basis, hold the largest caseload in the program with no findings on any state/federal audits

· Provide vocational education and guidance to assist individuals in understanding and overcoming barriers to employment.

· Work to develop product launch strategies for economically disadvantaged and at risk youth and adults

· Identified potential new markets for products. Created and maintained a therapeutic environment to provide individual and group academic instruction within a residential substance abuse setting

· Drafted reports describing offenders' progress and provided referrals for family support services as needed

· Prepared product demos for clients and remained available to answer questions

Shelby County Schools 08/2009- 01/2020

Workforce Development Manager

· Full budgetary responsibilities and creation of an annual community program plans

· Worked in collaboration with the Shelby County Workforce Development to provide seamless services to persons.

· Monitor client progress to identify their employment barriers, assist with employment and educational needs including steady contact with educational institutions to learn of the available programs

· Follow Workforce Investment Act (WIA/WIOA) standards on the federal and state levels

· Communicate with local employers to assess their hiring needs and put them in contact with resources and caseload candidates who fit the need

· Facilitate employment/self-sufficiency classes to groups that are in need or at risk including veterans, dislocated workers, disabled workers, and offenders reentering the workforce

· Oversee and monitor files of staff program wide to ensure proper protocol is followed to keep in compliance with state/federal program policies

· Reached out to multiple employers in the community to learn about their business and career opportunities.

· Developed jobs though analyzing and understanding the skills, knowledge and ability of my customers and employer needs.

· Assisted customers with mobility training by using public transportation.

Shelby County Government 08/2000 – 08/2009

Program Manager

· Design and deliver programs of HR related training e.g. appraisal/ appraise/ recruitment and selection/ managing poor performance/ Customer Care/

· Prepared and hosted online training sessions for remote employees

· Implemented efficient training methods for new team members

· Prepared detailed reports of product development progress

· Screens potential business partnerships by analyzing market strategies, deal requirements, potential, and financials; evaluating options; resolving internal priorities; recommending equity investments

· Develops negotiating strategies and positions by studying integration of new venture with company strategies and operations; examining risks and potentials; estimating partners' needs and goals

· Closes new business deals by coordinating requirements; developing and negotiating contracts; integrating contract requirements with business operations

Education

University of Memphis

(MPS) Strategic Leadership, M.P.S.

Lemoyne Owen College

(B.S.) Bachelor of Science in Special Education

University of Memphis

(B.S.) Bachelor of Science in Human Development

Southwest Community College

(A.S.) Associate of Science in Education

Skills

Project Management (10+ years), Customer Service (10+ years), Customer Relations (10+ years), Human Resources (9 years), Compensation (9 years), Community Outreach (10+ years), Oracle (3 years), ADP (9 years), Leadership Development (10+ years), Leadership Training (10+ years), Training & Development (10+ years), Educator (5 years), VOS system (5 Years), and Salesforce Systems (3 years)

Certifications/Licenses

Human Resource

August 2016 to Present

License – 10279122

Public Relations

August 2017 to Present

License – 10844413

Ethics and Public Policy

July 2016 to Present

License - 10225407

Project Management Professional (PMP)

September 2017 to Present

License - 10870512

Global Justice

June 2016 to Present

License – 10225407

Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

Chapter 8:

Experiential Theories and Approaches

Art and Science of Experiential Counseling

Counseling relationship is based on Humanistic Psychology

Candid and authentic interactions

Experiential approach allows for intensity in relationship

Counselor uses self-transcendence to experience client’s emotion

Experiential Theories

Focus on clients’ experiences in counseling

Encouraged to experience the “self”

Here and now

Focus on becoming aware

All emotions and experiences can be instructive

People are viewed as inherently positive

Overview of Experiential Approaches

Person-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers founder

Psychologist at Child Guidance Clinic in New York

Professor at Ohio State, later at University of Chicago and University of Wisconsin

Left academia spent remainder of career at the Institute for the Study of the Person

Client-Centered Theory

Positive view of human nature

People proceed toward self-actualization

Individual’s internal frame of reference is point of understanding

Trust most fundamental concept

Four Propositions that Characterize Rogers’ Personality Theory

People react to the phenomenal field as they experience and perceive it.

The best point from which to understand behavior is the

person’s internal frame of reference.

People tend to behave in a manner consistent with their concept of self.

The more people perceive and accept experiences, the more they will tend to be accepting and understanding of others.

Client-Centered Counseling

Counselor congruence

Empathic understanding

Unconditional positive regard

Goals & Changes toward Self-Actualization

Counseling does not attempt to resolve the client’s problem

Aims to assist client in growth to become a fully functioning individual

Open to experience

Self-trust

Internal source of evaluation

Willingness to continue growing

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls founder

Born in Berlin

Helped establish Gestalt institutes

Gestalt Theory of Personality

Phenomenological concepts

Independence

Focus on the here and now

View:

People are self-determined

Strive for self-actualization

Best understood from phenomenological perspective

Gestalt Key Concepts

Each aspect of a person can only be understood within the context of the whole person.

An existential-phenomenological perspective

Helping clients move from dependence to independence

Being integrated and centered in the now

Experimentation

Health

Relational focus

Gestalt Counseling Techniques

Authenticity

Assuming responsibility

Using personal pronouns

Now I’m aware

The empty chair

Existential Therapy

No single founder

Traced back to philosophy

Premise that people do not exist in isolation

Existential Theory

Each person is unique

Individuals struggle to find meaning

May & Yalom (2005) interrelated human concerns:

Death, freedom, isolation and meaningless

Death being the ultimate concern

Personal meaning and authenticity associated with death

Existential Key Concepts

Uniqueness of the individual

The search for meaning

The role of anxiety

Existential Key Concepts (cont’d)

Freedom and responsibility

Being and nonbeing

Three modes of existence

Self-transcendence

Goals of Existential Counseling

Relate directly to the key concepts

Assist client in:

discovering their own uniqueness

find personal meaning in life

use anxiety in a positive sense

become aware of their choices and the need to take responsibility for choices

see death as an eventual reality that gives life meaning

Existential compared to Client-Centered

Similar to the Person (Client)-Centered: aim for phenomenological understanding and encourage the client to become aware of inner choices

Differ: nature of counseling relationship.

Existential Techniques

Relationship over specific techniques

Dereflection: Focus on strengths instead of weaknesses

Paradoxical intention: Encourage client to do that which is feared

Symptom prescription

Symptom restraining

Self-transcendence

Creative Arts Therapy (CAT)

Utilizes modalities of art, music, dance and drama

Existential theory is used

Certification varies with modality

Music therapy

Art therapy

Drama therapy

Dance therapy

Bibliotherapy

Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

Chapter 7:

The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung

Classic Psychological Theories

Psychoanalytic field

Sigmund Freud

Alfred Adler

Carl Jung

Classic Theories

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud was born in 1856

Lived most of his life in Vienna

Earned a medical degree

Spent time working in fields of hypnosis and hysteria

Became interested in a “talking cure”

Self-analysis contributed to the development of his theories

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Deterministic view

Behavior directed by unconscious biological urges

Urges involved sex and aggression

Psychosexual stages

Structure of Personality

Driven by pleasure principal

Ego

Ruled by the reality principal

Attempts to influence over id and superego

Super ego

Concerned with moral reasoning

Inhibits the impulses of the id

Defense Mechanisms

Endopsychic conflicts emerge between personality structures

Defense mechanics are employed

Occur unconsciously

Distort reality enabling time for ego to strengthen

Types of Defense Mechanisms

Projection

Reaction formation

Fixation

Regression

Repression

Conscious-Unconscious

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral stage

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Oedipus complex

Electra complex

Latency stage

Genital stage

Psychotherapy Process

Opening phase

Counselor obtains important history from client

Understanding of client’s unconscious conflicts

Development of transference

Projecting thoughts and feelings onto counselor

Psychotherapy Process

Working through

Toward gaining insights

Resolution of transference

Work toward termination

Working through resistance

Psychoanalysis Techniques

Free association

Dream analysis

Confrontation and clarification

Interpretation

Ego-Analytic Position

Noninstinctual factors are emphasized

The ego is autonomous from the id

Ego facilitating adaptation to the environment through coping skills

Psychosocial and interpersonal variables are emphasized

Later stages of development are important

Psychopathology occurs when the needs associated with developmental tasks are not met

Brief Approaches to Counseling

Garske and Molteni’s (1985) six factors promoting change in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

A contract is established with the client

A statement of goals and objectives is established

The analyst takes an active approach

The analyst interprets links between the client’s current problems and relationship with analyst

The time-limited approach arouses issues relating to separation

The termination phase of therapy is characterized by working through problems associated with separation and individualization

Alfred Adler

Born in 1870

Medical degree from University of Vienna

Colleague of Freud's, but relationship conflictual

Founded “individual psychology” theory

Emphasis on early experiences with family of origin: family constellation

Adler’s Theory of Personality

The creative self

Center from which all life movement generates

The concept of teleologial movement

All behaviors in terms of movement

Behavior understood from an interpersonal perspective

People do not behave in isolation

The psychology of use

All behavior has a use that propels an individual toward a goal

Adler’s Theory of Personality

The phenomenological psychology

Understanding from client’s internal frame of reference

Emphasis on social interest

Tendency toward affiliation

Motivating force

The lifestyle

Basic orientation to life

Recurrent patterns/themes

Adler’s Theory of Personality

A holistic psychology

Understand overall individual

Cannot be separated

Striving for significance

Individual strive to avoid inferiority

Striving for superiority feelings

The family constellation

Birth order

Family size

Adlerian’s Psychotherapy

Mosak and Maniacci (2011) summarized major goals of Adlerian psychotherapy

Increasing clients’ social interest

Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and reducing inferiority feelings

Modifying clients’ lifestyle in terms of views and goals

Addressing faulty motivation

Helping clients feel a sense of equality with others

Assisting clients to become contributing members of society

Adlerian’s Psychotherapy Techniques

Phase 1: Establish relationship

Listening skills

Winning respect and offering hope

Encouragement

Phase 2: Analysis and assessment

Phase 3: Promoting insight

Phase 4: Reorientation

Carl Jung

Born 1875 in Switzerland

Earned medical degree, specialized in psychiatry

Religious underpinnings

Colleague of Freud, but disagreed with his underlying tenets

Integrated religion, mythology, archeology, literature, history, and philosophy into the study of psychology

Jung’s Theory of Personality

The ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious

Collective unconscious

Archetypes

Personality Types

Extroverted

Outgoing

Introverted

Introspective

Personality is also differentiated on four factors

Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition

Jung’s Theory of Counseling

Emphasis on unconscious

Utilizes dream analysis

Goal to help self-emerge

Gain insight to structures of personality

He was cautious about using techniques

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