GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING Critical Thinking Fundamentals
Russell W. Waltz, Ph.D.
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Not critical as in judging severely to find fault
Critical as in careful, exact evaluation and judgment
Critical thinking refers to a set of skills relating to the recognition, analysis, evaluation, and construction of arguments
What is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking at the Galen College of Nursing
Learners will demonstrate the ability to draw conclusions based on evidence and consider prior knowledge, context, and perspectives in predicting implication or consequences
How is Critical Thinking useful?
Critical thinking skills are necessary for
success in college
success in the workplace
success in the marketplace
living an examined life
What is an argument?
An argument is a set of claims; one of which is supported by the others.
A conclusion is a claim that the arguer is trying to prove.
A premise is a claim providing support for a conclusion.
A claim is a statement that has truth-value.
It is snowing.
Today is Saturday.
Alaska is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea.
Identifying Claims
Identifying Claims
Not all sentences are claims.
Where is Alaska located?
Please take me to Alaska.
Let’s go to Alaska.
Yea, Alaska!
How do I know which sentences are claims?
Hint! Test using “it is true that…”
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Inference Indicators
Inference indicators are words and phrases signaling the presence of a premise and/or a conclusion.
Inference Indicators
Conclusion Indicators
therefore…
thus…
consequently…
so...
hence…
accordingly…
Premise Indicators
because…
since…
for…
given...
as…
follows from…
Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
The arguer attempts to demonstrate that the truth of the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises.
Inductive Reasoning
The arguer attempts to demonstrate that the truth of the conclusion probably follows from the premises.
Implicit biases often make thinking critically difficult because they are:
Beyond typical awareness
Activated involuntarily
Unintentional
Since implicit biases cannot be detected through introspection, they are difficult to eradicate, yet are able to direct our thinking quite drastically.
Implicit Bias
Implicit Biases
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Perceiving identicality of members of a group while perceiving exaggerated differences between members of different groups
Confirmation Bias
Perceiving higher salience of evidence that is consistent with one’s held beliefs than warranted
Logical Fallacies
A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning that tends to persuade us even though it involves faulty reasoning
Circular Reasoning
Providing a claim as evidence for another claim and then also providing that second claim as evidence for the first claim
Parent: Go to bed!
Child: Why?
Parent: Because it’s bedtime.
Child: Why?
Parent: Because I said so.
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The Bandwagon Fallacy
Assuming that something is true just because many people believe it to be true
Developing Critical Thinking Skills
Understand the concepts
Practice! Practice! Practice!
Apply the skills
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