Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7

Annotated Bibliography

Lana Eliot

Psychology 326

Professor Hilton

July 25, 2016

Bansal, P., & Corley, K. (2011). From the editors The coming age for qualitative research: Embracing the diversity of qualitative research methods. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 233-237, doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.60262792.

This article focuses on the many different characteristics of qualitative design. The article expressed that (having to do with figuring out the quality of things without measuring them with numbers) is more nature than (having to do with measuring things with numbers) design. The article also stated that qualitative design can entertain different styles and paradigms of research while promoting creativity. Qualitative research is stated to be more personal and intimate for data and records participants’ experiences more accurately than numbers and statistics. This research can ask certain questions which reveal insights due to the changing of dynamics of certain questions asked. There are several issues found with qualitative data. This article says that qualitative research is more flexible and methodological plurality long as long as it holds up to methodological rigor, research is transparent and has theoretical contribution.

Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., & Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(3), 473-475. Doi:10.1111/jan.12.163.

The article was about the collection of data and the size of sampling in qualitative form. This article questioned the quality of research regarding sample sizing and the difference between individual and focus of the interview data. The research should be the result of rich focus data questions. This article also references the many decisions that need to be accomplished for sample size. This article was very helpful because of the many issues involved that results should be of correct sample size.

Farrelly, P. (2013). Choosing the right method for Qualitative study…, Fourth article of a series. British Journal of School Nursing, 8(1), 42-44.

This article spoke over the subjects of quantitative research method of experiments, quasi experiments, surveys and questionnaires, structured interviews and different controls. It is discussed what each method is and what it consists of and the strengths and weaknesses of them. This was then pointed in the direction of the RTC. They said that quantitative research can’t be used in psychological and behavioral research which involved any form of reading. The ethics is involved with consideration to those with limitations in reading. The article was helpful because it provided me with a general idea of quantitative research. It also stated the problems for using this method while focusing in the direction of the RTC to have a more powerful conclusion with bugger evidence.

Ingham-Broomfield, R. (2014). A nurses’ guide to Quantitative Research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 32-38 7p.

This article focuses on logic and systematically, therefore it is quantitative research. The article explains to the reader how the breakdown of components that were involved in the quantitative research methodologies. The article also talks about what quantitative research is, the testing is a way for testing objective theory with examining the variables. Some ways to conduct quantitative research is by observation, biophysics, and self-reporting. For nursing research, the most common way to gather information is with interviews and focus groups.

Kaewprom, C., Curtis, J., & Dene, F. P. (2011). Factors Involved in Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Thai Mental Health Nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(3), 323-327 5p. doi:10.1111

The article is about patients with schizophrenia and their mental health. The nurses in the country of Thailand are very educated when it comes to mental health and the recovery process. The researchers collected data from the nurses and their insights and interpretation of “conceptualization of recovery” for a patient who suffers from this mental disorder, through the use of semi-structured interviews. This research is in the form of a descriptive quantitative research. The article also talks about the personal and environmental facilitators as well as barriers in reference with schizophrenia. The article promoted a great insight of data analysis which is utilized the study of patients with schizophrenia.

Quick, J., & Hall, S. (2015). Part two: Qualitative Research. Journal of Perioperative Practice, 25(7-8), 129-133.

This article stated that qualitative research uses a number of methodologies and each research uses a different set of its own principals which identifies the aim of the study. This study gave a precise account of the various types of information it received. It gave detailed information of the data collected and various types of qualitative research approaches. These approaches included Grounded Theory, Action Research, and Ethnography. This article also talked about the principals of qualitative research. Examples of them are ethical issues, consent, anonymity, triangulation, and transferability. The data collection process was also explained in detail as well as the presentation of the findings or statistics.

References

Bansal, P., & Corley, K. (2011). From the editors The coming age for qualitative research: Embracing the diversity of qualitative research methods. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 233-237, doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.60262792. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., & Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(3), 473-475. Doi:10.1111/jan.12.163. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

Farrelly, P. (2013). Choosing the right method for Qualitative study…, Fourth article of a series. British Journal of School Nursing, 8(1), 42-44. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

Ingham-Broomfield, R. (2014). A nurses’ guide to Quantitative Research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 32-38 7p. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

Kaewprom, C., Curtis, J., & Dene, F. P. (2011). Factors Involved in Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Thai Mental Health Nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(3), 323-327 5p. doi:10.1111. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

Quick, J., & Hall, S. (2015). Part two: Qualitative Research. Journal of Perioperative Practice, 25(7-8), 129-133. Retrieved July 25,1016 from EBSCOhost database at http://library . Ashford.edu/.

POLICE INTERROGATION TACTICS 5

Police Interrogation Tactics

Lana Eliot

Psychology 610

Professor Unger

September 21,2017

Introduction

The issue of police interrogation techniques will remain to be debatable as long as criminal activities still prevail in the society. Acts of Terrorism, murder and treason are among the crimes that deserve a lot of attention when it comes to interrogations. Obviously, this implies that there will always be suspects and victims of such acts. Eventually, justice must be served to the victims and the guilty convicted. This achievement will be subject to the effectiveness of the police investigation tactics applied. In most instances, the debate surrounding police interrogation techniques revolve around their legality, ethics, modality, confidentiality and involvement of psychologists. Basically, this research will focus on the psychological notion that most people have a high tendency to concentrate on immediate or distal consequences while giving a little attention to proximal consequences (Muraski, 2016). This paper will review the literature relating to the police interrogation tactics by attempting to answer the following research questions:

· Do police interrogation techniques produce false confessions?

· Do police interrogation methods have an influence on the probability of a criminal suspect making a confession?

· Do criminal suspects confess to crimes in exchange for short term gains?

Criminal suspects display short-sightedness that increases their probability for false confession.

This research uses two experiments in addition to a control group as the research methodology to answer the research questions and the above hypothesis. In this methodology, the researcher uses the immediate and long-term consequences as the dependent variables while the confession decisions are treated as the independent variable. The first experiment involves participants (81) answering repetitive queries pertaining to their past criminal misconduct while the second experiment involves participants (144) answering routine queries before a police officer after a few weeks. In these experiments, denying or admitting the crime are the confession decisions while answering repetitive queries and meeting a law enforcement officer after a few weeks are the immediate and long-term or delayed consequences respectively. The control group will involve 45 participants. The experiments will be conducted in a lab environment that gives a simulation of a typical police interrogation. The two experiments will be subjected to different conditions influencing the response of the participants; however, the conditions will not be changed in the case of the control group. The findings of these experiments will be compared and presented during the testing of the hypothesis and answering of the research questions.

Literature Review

A lot of scholars, researchers and media have written about police interrogation techniques and how they have influenced the confession decisions of the suspects. Some of the major techniques that have been used previously during interrogations include: the third degree where the suspect was deprived of sleep and meals, beaten up, threatened and intimidated resulting to falsely confessing leading to wrong convictions (Bull &Soukara, 2011; Kassin, 2005). Another one is the Reid technique which assumes that a suspect is guilty unless proven guilty implying that the burden of proof of innocence lies with the suspect. The presumption of guilt makes the interrogators to use specific observations related to the crime where the suspect eventually succumbs to pressure and falsely confess. PEACE method mostly used in the UK seeks a confession by avoiding false witnesses and by allowing the suspect to give his explanation uninterrupted with an assumption that a liar will eventually contradict himself after piling false explanations.

In the murder of Stephanie where her brother- Michael Crowe aged 14 years is questioned by police as their main suspect in absence of his parents and an attorney where he later falsely confesses to killing his sister after an intense six hours of interrogation presents an epitome of false confessions. In their interrogations, the police deceived Michael that they had enough physical evidence linking him to the murder in addition to failing a truth verification test. In this incident, the police also question Joshua Treadway a friend of Michael’s claiming that a knife was missing in Joshua’s parents’ house which they believed was the murder weapon (Heuer & Sivasubramaniam, 2012 Inbau et al, 2010). After a ten-hour interrogation, Joshua falsely confesses to killing Stephanie with his two other friends. Both Michael and Joshua are arrested and charged with murder after which they are released after learning that Richard Tuite was Stephanie’s real killer who is tried and convicted. The two boys later on repudiated their statements where they claimed that they were coerced. The boys argued that the interrogating officers recommended leniency, therefore, prompting them to falsely confess. Here, confession because of a promise of leniency shows the propensity of suspects focusing on immediate rather than long-term consequences (Heuer & Sivasubramaniam, 2012).

Hershberger, Lindsay. (2005). Are deceptive interrogation tactics by police ethical? Ashford University

Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B.C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc.

Kassin, S. M., & Fong, C. T. (1999). I’m innocent! Effects of training on judgments of truth and deception in the interrogation room. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 499-516.

Kassin, S. M., Meissner, C. A., & Norwick, R. J. (2005). I’d know a false confession if I saw one: A comparative study of college students and police investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 211-227.

Quintieri, P. & Weiss, K. J. (2005). Admissibility of false-confession testimony: Know thy standard. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33, 535-538.

Lassiter, G. D. (2004) Interrogations, confessions, and entrapment. New York: Kluwer Academic.

Meissner, C. A., & Kassin, S. M. (2004). “You’re guilty, so just confess!” Cognitive and behavioral confirmation biases in the interrogation room. Interrogations, confessions, and entrapment. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Muraski, T., (2016). How the Police Generate False Confessions: An Inside Look at the Interrogation Room, 141(19), 100-100.

Applied Social Psychology Literature Review

Throughout this course, you have been exploring the ways in which social psychological principles can be applied to various careers. This week, you will create a literature review of articles that cover some of the main topics of applied social psychology. You should frame your review as if you were explaining the purpose of the field to someone who does not know about social psychology. To do this, you will write a literature review that contains five articles, each of which focuses on a different theory. Two of the five articles can be from the literature review for your case study that you wrote last week; however, they each must cover different theories. The other three articles should pertain to different theories that have been discussed throughout the course or that will be discussed in Week Six.  Remember, even though these articles are not necessarily related, the literature review must still have a thesis statement (e.g., Applied social psychology is a field that is important because it is relevant to…) and a conclusion that reinforces your claim. Since you are allowed to use your review of two articles from your previous literature review, please ensure you make any necessary modifications to your analysis so that they match the thesis statement and conclusion of this literature review.

The literature review must be five to seven pages in length, not including title and reference pages. All of the articles that you use must be recent (published within the past 10 years). You should also cite other material (e.g., seminal works about the theories) as appropriate to help you contextualize and explain the articles that you are discussing. Format your paper according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

As a side note: you may be able to draw from articles that you have used in this literature review when completing the Integrative Literature Review for PSY699, the capstone course.