Client Background Information
· Marge C.
· 41 year old female
· Married
· Husband, Ken works two jobs to make ends meet, so he is not home much. Husband noted that he didn’t know what else to do about his wife’s drinking and that he bought her to the facility out desperation.
· Patient has three children 10, 12 and 16
· Patient was a teacher but she lost her job due to alcohol related reasons
· Patient had a one car alcohol related accident three days earlier. She received minor injuries and was issued a ticket for DUI. Husband, family members and friends determined that they needed to intervene to prevent Marge from harming herself or others.
· An intervention occurred earlier today, culminating in her being brought for treatment.
· Patient will go through a week of detoxification during her first week of treatment.
__________________________________________________________________
· On the sixth day of detoxification
· Patient is experiencing residual physical withdrawal symptoms. Patient is shaky and groggy, has been given a mild sedative to keep her calm during withdrawal.
· Patient is cooperative and still open to treatment. Patient expressed feelings of loneliness and concern for her children.
· Patient is exhibiting sign of depression
__________________________________________________________________
· 15th day of 30-day treatment
· Family sessions scheduled for today. Husband interviewed individually earlier today; the children will be interviewed later this afternoon.
· Patient is showing signs of improvement. Withdrawal symptoms have disappeared, patient no longer takes a sedative.
· Patient continues to exhibit signs of depression.
6
PICOT Question
Student Name
Student Affiliation (For example Department + Institute Name)
Course Name and Number
Instructor Name
Date
1
PICOT Question
Nursing practice problem:
External Ventricular Drain is one of the best method to lower CSF pressure and then monitor it in intensive care unit, special care units and wards in patients with acute brain injury (Muralidharan, 2015`). External ventricular drain infection is a major complication after surgery, leading to the early removal of the drain or delay in the insertion of ventriculoperitoneal or other shunts. It also adds to the misery of the patient, can become a source of septic shock, and can increase hospital stay and cost (Abayomi Sorinola, 2019). Risk factors identified for the development of infection include long operative time, longer durations of drain placement, and frequent CSF sampling, reduced CSF glucose at the time of catheter placement and short tunnel length (Pengwei Lu, 2019).
A study conducted by Sein Lwin introduced measures for both doctors and nurses to reduce external ventricular drain infections. For doctors, the measures included introduction of proper surgical techniques, education of young doctors about CSF sampling and decreasing the duration of EVD placement. For nurses, measures taken included conduction of EVD care workshops and assuring the practice of standard care operating procedures by nurses. This decreased the infection rate from 6.1% to 3.8% (Sein Lwin 1, 2012). Other studies also have also shown that proper handling of EVD, sterile gloving and decreased CSF samplings can decrease the rate of CSF infections post-surgery (Humphrey, 2018). A combined effort from both doctors and nurses is required to identify the risk factors and work to reduce them (Ady Thien, 2020). A study also showed that antibiotic administration via EVD can reduce the rate of infection (Champey, 2018).
The nursing problem identified here is the improper handling of EVD by nurses, not knowing sterile gloving and CSF sampling techniques. Nurses should be taught proper handling and sampling techniques, and study should be conducted post-intervention to see if improving only nursing practices could bring any change in the infection rate. Rate of retention of knowledge should also be checked (Paulo, 2020).
PICOT QUESTION
Population: Post-operative neurosurgical patients who have undergone placement of external ventricular drain (EVD)
Intervention: Nursing staff with pre-op education about EVD, Sterile gloving technique, CSF sampling from EVD and EVD handling.
Comparison: Retrospective review of the patients who developed EVD/CSF infection prior to the intervention
Outcome: Number of patients developing post-operative fever with positive CSF cultures.
Time: Till the time EVD is placed
PICOT Question: Good nursing practices can decrease the rate of EVD infection in post-operative neurosurgical patients
Criteria |
Article 1 |
Article 2 |
Article 3 |
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink |
(Ady Thien, 2020) |
(Sein Lwin 1, 2012) |
(Champey, 2018) |
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? |
The research introduces an effective strategy (program risk stratification) to decrease the rate of EVD related infections, and also quantitatively assess the rate of decline after intervening the strategy |
The article introduces measures that should be taken by both doctors and nurses to reduce EVD infection |
This article tells ways and introduces a strategy called “EVD care bundle” to reduce the rate of EVD infections post-op. |
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) |
Quantitative |
Quantitative |
Qualitative |
Purpose Statement |
To assess the efficacy of a pragmatic risk-stratification pathway for external ventricular drain (EVD) management, allowing for surgical decision making, in reducing the rate of VRIs (ventriculitis related infection) |
Strategies for the reduction of external ventricular drain related infections
|
Retrospective study to identify the strategies for reducing the rate of external ventricular drain related infections.
|
Research Question |
Will program-risk stratification help in handling EVDs and reducing the counts of EVD related infections? |
Would the proposed strategies/ interventions reduce the rate of infection? |
What measures should be taken to reduce EVD infections post-operatively? |
Outcome |
EVD infections decreased from 6.8% to 0 after introduction of program risk stratification technique. |
Reduction of the rate of EVD infection after taking interventions |
EVD care bundle, including regular CSF sampling and intrathecal antibiotic administration can reduce the rate of infection |
Setting (Where did the study take place?) |
National Neuroscience Institute |
Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore |
3 French university hospital ICUs in Grenoble, Marseille, and Saint-Etienne, with 9 ICU beds and 4 intermediate care beds, 20 ICU beds and 12 intermediate care beds, and 24 ICU beds, respectively |
Sample |
Patients with EVD |
Patients with EVD at the hospital over 1 and a half year eriod. |
EVD patients staying longer than 24 hours in the ICU were included in this study |
Method |
Retrospective and Prospective Study |
An audit was first conducted to see the rate of EVD infection in the hospital and interventions were then done to reduce them |
Retrospective study |
Key Findings of the Study |
· EVD infection rate decreased from 6.8% to 0% after application of pragmatic evidence based risk stratification pathway. All hospitals should conduct a survey to know the risk factors of infection in their hospital and find a way to resolve them. |
· The infection rate reduced from 6.1% to 3.8% after taking interventions for both doctors and nurses. · Silver lining of EVD can further decrease the rate of infection |
· Achieving low rates of EVD infection is possible with IT administration of antibiotic and regular CSF sampling. |
Recommendations of the Researcher |
Program risk stratification pathway should be used in hospitals to control EVD related infections |
Combined effort of hospital administration, doctors and nurses can decrease the rate of infection, and thus measures should be taken to improve their practices |
· EVD care bundle should be used to decrease the rate of infection |
Criteria |
Article 4 |
Article 5 |
Article 6 |
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink |
(Humphrey, 2018) |
(Paulo, 2020) |
(Pengwei Lu, 2019) |
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? |
The article introduces nursing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to EVD care very well. |
This article assesses the knowledge retained by nurses after introducing them to EVD care measures |
Risk factors related to EVD infection are identified. |
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) |
Qualitative |
Quantitative |
Qualitative |
Purpose Statement |
How do nurses care for patients of neurosurgery with external ventricular drains |
Knowledge of exte4nal ventricular drain retained by nursing professionals |
Analyze risk factors for ERI (External Ventricular Drain Related Infections) in pediatric patients post-brain tumor surgery |
Research Question |
How EVD works, and how are nurses involved in EVD handling and management |
How much knowledge are health-care professionals able to retain after being introduced with EVD care techniques |
What are the factors that contribute to the development of infection after the insertion of external ventricular drain |
Outcome |
The research article concludes that though the care of EVD is difficult, but successful patient outcomes can be seen with understanding of it’s key elements and functioning. This includes knowing infection control policies about its handling, knowing how to assess patients for infection, knowing the on and off position of the stop clock, knowing indications and complications of EVD, and being able to assess patient’s GCS |
Significant knowledge retention was seen among nurses in the first week after intervention but not after three months. Knowledge retention was significant between the first and second phases (p-0.004). Knowledge regarding pathophysiology was poor. Knowledge about device handling was good. |
Study showed that patients with longer durations of surgery and EVD placement, pre-op VP shunts, and frequent CSF sampling developed more EVD infections. |
Setting (Where did the study take place?) |
Review article |
Syrian-Lebanese Hospital |
Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University |
Sample |
|
38 nurses were included in the study who worked in a general adult ICU in a private hospital in São Paulo, Brazil and participated in the EVD care training. |
147 patients <18 years old from January 2016 to December 2017 with a confirmed diagnosis of intracranial infection after tumor resection |
Method |
Review article |
quasi - experimental study |
Retrospective study |
REFERENCES
Abayomi Sorinola, A. B. (2019). Risk Factors of External Ventricular Drain Infection: Proposing a Model for Future Studies. Front Neurol., 226. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00226 Ady Thien, S. S. (2020). The National Neuroscience Institute External Ventricular Drain Study: A Pragmatic Multisite Risk-Stratification Pathway to Reduce Ventriculostomy-Related Infection. World Neurosurg., e126-e136. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.070 Champey, J. (2018). Strategies to reduce external ventricular drain–related infections: a multicenter retrospective study. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. doi:https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.1.JNS172486 Humphrey, r. E. (2018). Caring for neurosurgical patients. Nursing Times [online]. Retrieved from https://cdn.ps.emap.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2018/03/180328-Caring-for-neurosurgical-patients-with-external-ventricular-drains.pdf Muralidharan, R. (2015`). External ventricular drains: Management and complications. Surg Neurol Int., S271–S274. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.157620 Paulo, S. (2020). Retaining knowledge of external ventricular drain by nursing professionals. Rev Cuid. doi:https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.784 Pengwei Lu, R. W. (2019). Risk Factors of External Ventricular Drainage-Related Infections: A Retrospective Study of 147 Pediatric Post-tumor Resection Patients in a Single Center. Front Neurol., 1243. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01243 Sein Lwin 1, S. W. (2012). External ventricular drain infections: successful implementation of strategies to reduce infection rate. Singapore Med J.
Research Critique Guidelines – Part II
Use this document to organize your essay. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale, include examples, and reference content from the studies in your responses.
Quantitative Studies
Background
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these two articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the two articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each study in one or two comprehensive paragraphs.
2. What are the implications of the two studies you chose in nursing practice?
Outcomes Comparison
1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question?
2. How do the outcomes of your chosen articles compare to your anticipated outcomes?
© 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
2
Research Critique Guidelines – Part I
Use this document to organize your essay. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale, include examples, and reference content from the studies in your responses.
Qualitative Studies
Background of Study
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these two articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the two articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each study in one or two comprehensive paragraphs.
2. What are the implications of the two studies in nursing practice?
Ethical Considerations
1. Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research.
2. Describe how the researchers in the two articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.
© 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
2
Research Critiques and PICOT Question Guidelines –
Final Draft
Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft.
Quantitative and Quantitative Studies
Nursing Practice Problem and PICOT Question
1. What is your identified nursing practice problem?
2. List your PICOT question, following one of the templated formats reviewed in the course.
Background
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these four articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary.
2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice?
Ethical Considerations
1. Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research.
2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.
Outcomes Comparison
1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question?
2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes?
Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change
1. What is the link between the PICOT question, the research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified?
2. Based on this information, propose an evidence-based practice change for your identified setting.
© 2021. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
2
Case Management of Addiction COUN 6202A
SPP Treatment Plan Template
INSTRUCTIONS and TEMPLATE for Marge’s Treatment Plan
1. Develop a hypothetical treatment plan for Marge (from the course media) as you think it would look at the end of the first year of her course of treatment.
2. Begin with her admission into residential treatment (Counseling Session 1).
3. The plan should include Marge’s course of residential treatment, plans for discharge from residential treatment, and aftercare plans for the next 12 months.
4. The plan should include all aspects of Marge’s life that are related to her recovery and reflect the case management role of the counselor (e.g., counseling/treatment, family, social, vocational, legal, mental health, medical).
Identified strengths: Strengths that will help client achieve long-term goal(s) (e.g., supportive family). Client should help identify. Initially it may be difficult to help client identify more than one or two strengths but as the course of treatment continues, more should become evident. Identified problems/deficits : Factors in client’s life that may impede successful recovery
|
||||
Long-term goal(s): |
Short-term Goals |
Objectives |
Strategies |
Expected Outcome (with Timeframe) |
Stated as broad desirable outcome that will be broken down into short-term goals and objectives. Usually, one long-term goal will be adequate for first year. 1. 2.
|
Series of time-limited goals that will lead to achievement of long-term goal. 1. 2.
|
Statements of what client will do to achieve short-term goal. Stated in measurable, behavioral terms 1. 2.
|
How objective will be carried out or accomplished 1. 2. |
Objective, measurable desirable outcome with timeframe 1. 2.
|
©2012 Laureate Education, Inc. 1
Instructions for Scholar Practitioner Project (SPP) Case Study
1. For your SPP, you will prepare a case study of Marge, the client presented in the media throughout the course.
2. Your case study will consist of two sections: A narrative case study section and a treatment plan section.
3. The narrative case study section will be written using the required APA style. You will use this document as a guide for the narrative section of your case study and include at a minimum the 18 elements presented below. The final narrative case study section should be approximately 15–20 pages in length.
4. Your treatment plan section will follow the Treatment Plan Template introduced in your Assignment for Week 5.
5. The timeline for your case study will extend from the client’s admission into residential treatment (Counseling Session 1), proceed through her course of treatment there (Counseling Sessions 2 and 3), and conclude with a discharge plan of her projected long-term treatment extending through the next 12 months.
Case Study Format
Treatment Plan Section
· Treatment plan developed using Treatment Plan Template and attached at end of case study.
Narrative Case Study Section
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION
· Name, age, race/ethnicity, gender, marital status, and any other appropriate information
PRESENTING PROBLEM
· Brief summary of the problem(s) and concerns that brought the client to treatment
· Description of current condition including physical and mental status and attitude on admission
· Who accompanies client and provides collateral information
· Other relevant information
ASSESSMENT
· Description of how initial screening was conducted to validate the existence of a problem and make initial treatment recommendations. Include how information was gathered (e.g., verbal clinical interview, paper-and-pencil assessment instrument) and sources of information (e.g., client, family members).
· Overview of ongoing assessment process to evaluate severity of the addiction, rule out the co-existence of other relevant problems, assist in treatment planning, and monitor progress (e.g., continued more detailed interviews with client and family members, observation, standardized assessment instruments).
ADDICTION HISTORY
· Substance(s) used and/or any addictive behaviors identified
· Age of first use
· Family history of addiction (chemical and/or behavioral)
· Progression of use to current stage
· Average frequency and amount over last six months
· Other signs and symptoms of addictive use (e.g., blackouts, increased tolerance over time, physical withdrawals if use stopped)
· Negative consequences experienced due to use
· Previous attempts to stop on own and/or treatment history
· Level of denial of problem (e.g., none, mild, moderate, severe)
· Level of motivation to change on admission (low, moderate, high)
CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS
· Any other current or past mental disorder or mental health problem
· Signs, symptoms, course of disorder, and other pertinent information necessary to plan treatment
· Past history of treatment or counseling
MEDICAL HISTORY
· Pertinent current or past medical history related to or affected by addiction
· Current medications (in particular psychotropic and/or prescribed addictive medications)
EDUCATIONAL/VOCATIONAL HISTORY
· Education
· Work/career history including problems related to addiction
· Current financial status
LEGAL HISTORY
· Current or past legal problems
· Current status of any existing legal problems
SOCIAL/CULTURAL STATUS
· Socioeconomic status
· Any cultural/ethnic factors influencing addiction and recovery
· Social/leisure activities
FAMILY/RELATIONSHIP STATUS
· Composition of immediate family
· Description of roles identified for each family member
· A explanation of the potential impacts of these roles on family members
· Include family in client’s treatment plan and a minimum of two resources that would be useful to them
MODEL(S) OF ADDICTION
· Model(s) of addiction used to plan treatment approach. Rationale for use and strengths and weaknesses of chosen model(s)
MODEL(S) OF TREATMENT
· Model(s) of treatment used. Rationale for use and strengths and weaknesses of chosen model(s)
MODEL(S) OF CASE MANAGEMENT
· Model(s) of case management used. Rationale for use and strengths and weaknesses of chosen model(s)
THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY
· Describe how spirituality could be an important factor in client’s recovery
· Ways in which client’s spiritual needs might be addressed through case management referrals to community 12-step support groups or other spiritual resources
COURSE OF TREATMENT
· Current level of treatment (as defined in Week 4 by the American Society of Addiction Medicine’s Patient Placement Criteria [PPC])
· Projected PPC level(s) of treatment after discharge from residential treatment over the next 12 months and an explanation of why this level(s) would be effective
· Projected levels of treatment over next 12 months
· Response to treatment
· Prognosis for response to treatment over next 12 months
DISCHARGE PLAN
· Summary of treatment recommendations over next 12 months (as reflected in treatment plan)
REFLECTION ON PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT
· Conclude the case study with a statement of how personal traits, skills, motivations, and experiences you possess might be helpful in pursuing a career as an addiction counselor. How will these factors contribute to your ability to maintain self-awareness and a healthy work/life balance?
©2012 Laureate Education, Inc. 2

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